Exam #1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is animal science?
A
the study of animal nutrition, physiology, genetics, health, behavior, products and production systems
2
Q
Where are cattle?
A
Brazil, India, US
3
Q
Where are sheep?
A
China, Australia, India
4
Q
Where are goats?
A
China, India, Nigeria
5
Q
Ruminant
A
even toed (2 toes) mammal that chews the cud regurgitates from its rumen (eat forages)
6
Q
Ruminates
A
bringing the cud back up
7
Q
What gases do ruminants release?
A
methane and CO2 (contributes to greenhouse gases)
8
Q
Where are chickens?
A
China, Indonesia, US
9
Q
Where are swine?
A
China, US, Brazil
10
Q
Where are turkeys?
A
US, Brazil, Chile
11
Q
Calories from animal products:
A
-18% calories
-40% protein
-45% fat
12
Q
Who eats meat the most?
A
US, South America, Australia
13
Q
Protein ladder
A
- Beef and lamb
- Pork
- Chicken
- Fish
- Beans
14
Q
As the economy grows,
A
the amount of meat eaten grows
15
Q
What are the 2 reasons why global per capita meat consumption is increasing?
A
- increased wealth
- increased population
16
Q
What is ethics?
A
a set of principles/beliefs that governs what is right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair
17
Q
Ethics are influenced by:
A
convictions, values, norms, knowledge, interests
18
Q
Utilitarian view
A
maximize good outcomes
19
Q
Contractarian view
A
we can use animals to our benefit no matter the outcome
20
Q
Animal rights view
A
should not use animals solely to benefit us
21
Q
Relational view
A
relationships with individuals guide decisions
22
Q
Respect for nature view
A
consider what is and what is not natural
23
Q
Annual US slaughter
A
- chicken
- pork
- beef
- turkey
24
Q
Beef cattle industry
A
-most of the beef cows are in the “beef belt”
25
Dairy cattle industry
-drier, more populated areas (milk and cheese won't last)
26
pre-weaned dairy calf
a young calf that consumes milk as part of their diet
27
upper respiratory tract
neck up (headaches)
28
lower respiratory tract
neck down (coughing)
29
Why should we care about calf health?
welfare, profit, production
30
Scours
diarrhea in pre-weaned calves (57% of calf deaths), watery, dehydration, lethargy
31
respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves
risk of culling and dystocia, decreased milk production (1,200 lbs)
32
How does illness affect animal welfare?
affective state, bio function, natural living
33
What are some stressors that may lead an animal to become ill?
germs, close proximity to other animals, housing, fluctuation in temp
34
Many pathogens are
endemic
35
Immune systems of calves are:
-less responsive than adults
-naiive
-easily overwhelmed by bacteria, viruses, parasites
36
Disease progression
stressor, weakened immune system, pathogens replicate in GI, damage to intestines, excess water in feces
37
BRD
bovine respiratory disease
38
What does a calf look like with BRD?
fever, lethargy, cough, discharge, ear droop
39
What aspects of calf nutrition help prevent disease?
colostrum, vitamins, minerals, consistency of feeding times
40
What aspects of cleanliness help prevent disease?
clean bottles, clean bedding, sanitation, ventilation
41
Non infectious disease
microorganisms are NOT involved
42
Mechanical route
wounds (route for pathogenic invasion)
43
Digestive route
bloat (gas), acidosis (low pH)
44
Toxins route
chemicals or plants (nightshade, weed)
45
Nutritional deficiency/toxicity route
vitamin, mineral issues
46
Abnormal growth route
cancers, abscess
47
Infectious disease
a disease that is caused by a pathogen
48
pathogen
bacteria, virus, or another microorganism that causes disease
49
contagious disease
can be spread rapidly from one animal to another
50
Viral route
-(vaccines)
-reproduces inside host
-COVID
51
Bacterial route
-(antibiotics)
-microscopic, single celled
-causes damage via production of toxins
-UNDER COOKED CHICKEN
52
Protozoal route
-single celled, microscopic cells
-larger than bacteria
-CRYPTO
53
Fungi route
-single/multiple celled low order plants
-RINGWORM
54
Spread of infectious disease
-contact with other animals
-contaminated water
-ingesting infected feces
-vectors (mosquitos, birds)
-airborne (anthrax)
-contaminated equipment
55
Natural immunity
-present at birth
56
Acquired immunity
-action of white blood cells
-occurs after antigens
-vaccines work with this form of immunity
57
What are growth promotants?
used to help increase efficiency of animal production by increasing weight gain and product output
58
Cattle numbers have gone down,
beef production has gone up
59
Hormonal implants
-steroidal hormones
-increases average daily gain
-increases protein deposition
-decrease marbling and fat
60
Where are hormonal implants placed?
middle third on the back side of the ear, between the skin and cartilage (easy access)
61
Beta agonists
-used to treat asthma, obesity, and diabetes in humans
-feed additive
-beta adrenergic receptors
-increases average daily efficiency
62
Repartitioning agent
directs nutrients away from fat synthesis to muscle disposition
63
Benefits of meat in the diet
excellent source of protein, B-vitamins, high protein-low carbs (glycemic index), micronutrients
64
Meat is made of
water, protein, lipids, vitamins, carbs, minerals
65
Tissues in meat
muscle, adipose, connective, nervous, epithelial
66
Meat color
-as the animal ages, the myoglobin goes up
-myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin
67
Meat flavor origin
from the lean (amino acids)
68
Species flavor origin
from the fat (various fatty acid profiles)
69
Meat taste
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
70
Meat smell
volatile compounds
71
Rate impacts
composition
72
Lots of fetal growth in the last
3 months of pregnancy
73
Calves gain
1-1.5 lbs per day until puberty
74
What are animals made of? (basic)
bone, lipids, muscle, water (mostly)
75
4 types of fat
-KPH
-Intermuscular
-Subcutaneous
-Intramuscular
76
KPH
kidney, pelvic, heart
77
Intermuscular
-seam
-fat between the muscle (interstate)
78
Subcutaneous
shots between the skin and fat
79
Intramuscular
shots into the muscle
80
The US has the most efficient
meat production
81
Food comes from where there is
excess land
82
Global meat exporters
US, Brazil, Europe, Canada
83
Global meat importers
China, Japan, Mexico, US
84
Oral administration
-slower absorption
-longer lasting
-greater dose required
-liquid (drench)
-solid (bolus)
85
Intravenous injection
-into the vein
-fastest effect
-shortest impact
86
Intraperitoneal injection
-into the gut
-rapid absorption
87
Intramuscular injection
-into the muscle
-rapid absorption
-give in neck so no damage to muscle
88
Subcutaneous injection
-most vaccines
-under the skin
-slower absorption than IM
89
Intradermal injection
-into the skin
-rarely used (accidental)
90
What to avoid in a subcutaneous injection
-spinal column
-shoulder
-jugular furrow
-nuchal ligament
91
Inhalation
-some vaccines
-intranasal
92
Topical
-applied on skin
-applied on a mucosal membrane
-typical for de wormers
93
Antimicrobials
bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal
94
Pharmaceuticals
-used in disease treatment
-feed additives
-pesticides
95
Where is the animal blind spot?
behind the butt
96
Signs of fearful stressed animals
-eyes white in cattle
-vocalization during handling in cattle and pigs
-tails switching on cattle
-pooping in cattle
97
How long does it take for animals to calm down?
20 minutes
98
Distractions that cause balking and refusal to move
-shadows and contrasts of light and dark
-reflections on metal or water
-seeing people up ahead
-moving objects
-air blowing on their faces
-coat hung on fence
99
Other distractions that cause balking
-objects on ground
-drain grates
-changes in flooring type
-dripping water
-dangling chains
-turning fan blades
100
Experiment to reduce balking:
-a portable electric light on a long cord
-lots of cardboard
-duct tape and other things to fasten cardboard
101
Animals tend to
go towards the light
102
Get rid of:
-electric prod
-yelling and screaming
(use a flag instead)
103
Natural livestock behavior for all species
-flight zone
-pressure zone
-point of balance
-natural following behavior
-go back where they came from
104
Flight zone
animals move away
105
Pressure zone
animals turn and face a person
106
Point of balance
shoulder
107
Natural following behavior
learn to time small bunches of cattle and pigs
108
Calm animals will have a smaller
flight zone
109
Tame animals will have
no flight zone
110
Point of balance principles
-at the shoulder when handler is close
-past the eye when handler is further away
-to make the animal move forward, the handler must be behind the point of balance
111
Bring a small amount of
animals through the chute (sheep exception)
112
All cattle should be able to lay down in
feedlot pens
113
Right flooring
foot fits between cleats (8 inches)
114
Wrong flooring
foot on top of cleats and foot slips between cleats
115
Lameness scoring for animals
1. Normal
2. Obvious limp-keep up with walking group
3. Obvious limp- lags behind walking group
4. Almost a downer
116
Animal handling problems at farm
-lame animals
-animals fed too much beta-agonist
-crazy pigs
-dogs make cattle kick
-high flight zone
117
What is nutrition?
numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities
118
Nutrition involves:
-ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients
-transport of nutrients to body cells
-removal of waste
119
Why study nutrition?
nutrition influences overall health of the animal
120
What do animals eat?
1. primarily plants
2. plants (photosynthesis)
3. plant and animals (similar chemical composition
121
Plants require a large number of inorganics
ammonia, nitrate, CO2, minerals
122
Animals require many pre formed compounds
from feed, microbial processes
123
Essential nutrients
cannot be made, needed in the diet
124
Classes of nutrients
1. water
2. carbs (energy)
3. fats (energy)
4. proteins
5. minerals
6. vitamins
124
Non-essential nutrients
can be made, not needed in diet
125
Functions of nutrients
1. structure
2. energy
3. regulation
4. production
126
Components of feed
-minerals
-protein
-carbs and fat
127
Energy partitioning by a cow
1. basal metabolism
2. activity
3. growth
4. energy reserve (basic)
5. pregnancy
6. lactation
7. energy reserve (additional)
8. estrous cycle and pregnancy initiation
9. energy reserve (excess)
128
BCS
body condition score (1-9)
129
Simple stomach system
-pigs and horses
-monogastric
130
Complex stomach system
-cattle and sheep
-ruminant
131
Digestive tract of pig
salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
132
Digestive tract of poultry
beak, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, spleen, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, large intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent
133
What do monogastrics eat
corn and soybean meal
134
Ruminant digestive tract
mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, cecum
135
Volatile fatty acids produced
acetate, propionate, butyrate
136
Eructation
belching of gases, produced by the fermentation process (bloat)
137
Rumen
-rumen papillae
-roles: very large, wet feeds, fermentation site, release volatile fatty acids
138
Reticulum
-honeycomb
-roles: very small, traps feed particles for regurgitation
139
Omasum
-water regulation
-roles: acts like a filter, squeeze water out of feed
140
Abomasum
- true stomach
-roles: final compartment (low pH) has enzymes to digest and break down amino acids
141
Protein
-CHON
-25 amino acids
-muscle and enzymes
-only one that contains nitrogen
142
Carbs
-CHO
-energy for growth
-starches, sugar, cellulose
-feeds
143
Fats
-CHO (lots of H)
-lipids
-high energy
-feeds
144
Minerals
-macro and micro
-small amounts
145
Vitamins
-small amounts
-fat soluble (ADEK)
-water soluble (BC)
146
Water
-metabolism and energy
-temp regulation
-nutrient transport
147
Active immunity
animals own immune system produces antibodies
148
Passive immunity
antibodies from colostrum
149
Killed vaccine
-dead organisms
-no replication
150
Modified live vaccine
-antigen replication occurs
-more effective
