Exam #3 (final!) Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
5 major dairy breeds
A
Holstein, jersey, guernsey, brown swiss, ayrshire
2
Q
Total milk production has ____, but the amount of milk per cow has ______
A
stayed the same, increased
3
Q
There has been a reduction of _____, and an increase of ____
A
liquid milk, cheese
4
Q
Lactation curve
A
-calves
-peak production of milk
-dry period
-calves again
5
Q
What is essential for milk production?
A
-pregnancy
-appropriate management (nutrition, comfort, health)
6
Q
Pasteurized milk ordinance/antibiotics
A
-milk must be pasteurized
-sale of some raw milks is illegal
-all milk is tested for antibiotics
7
Q
Early cow-calf separation
A
-reduced risk of disease transmission
-better control of colostrum feeding
-more milk to sell
-reduces stress
8
Q
Prolong cow-calf contact
A
-positive long-term effects on calves (social behavior)
-decreased amount of milk to sell
-increased calf weight gain
-increased stress when separated
9
Q
Composition of milk
A
-87.7% water
-4.9% lactose
-3-4% fat
-3.5% protein
-0.7% minerals
10
Q
What is milk?
A
-white liquid that consists of small fat globules
-secreted by mammary gland
-provides nutrition for young
11
Q
What milk is most similar to human milk?
A
cow’s milk
12
Q
what breed of cow produces the most milk?
A
holstein
13
Q
what cow has yellow milk?
A
guernsey
14
Q
what are the 2 milk proteins?
A
caseins and whey proteins
15
Q
Caseins
A
-80% of milk protein
-chain of amino acids
-major component of cheese
16
Q
Whey protein
A
-20% of milk protein
-biological function (used for transport and immunity)
-“by-product” of cheese production
17
Q
lactose
A
-milk sugar (provides energy from carbs)
-regulates milk volume
18
Q
Milk lipids (triglycerides)
A
-cream part
-fatty acid chain
19
Q
UHT milk
A
ultra-high temp milk
20
Q
Butter
A
- solid fat-based product
- buttermilk-used for baking
21
Q
composition of butter
A
80% milk fat, 16% water, 1.2% protein
22
Q
Jersey cows are good for
A
cheese and butter (no 1 in fat and protein)
23
Q
Holstein is dominant in
A
milk production
24
Q
Holstein characteristics
A
-black and white
-large framed
-dominant breed of dairy cattle in US
-lowest percentage butterfat
25
Ayrshire characteristics
-dark red and white
-do well in pasture conditions
26
Brown swiss characteristics
-brow to gray with light around the muzzle and light dorsal stripe
-docile
-very large
27
Guernsey
-isle of guernsey
-light red and white spotted
-gold milk
-2nd percentage in butterfat
28
Jersey
-isle of jersey
-tan with dark pigments
-highest butter
-used in crossbreeding
-male calves with low value
29
"Beef on dairy" system
beef semen- bull x heifer (worst females)
sexed semen-expensive, dies quickly (milk production)
30
Veal consumption has
gone down
31
Veal production is mostly in
big cities (Pennsylvania, new york, cali)
32
What is the most highly domesticated food animal species?
Sheep!
-herding instinct
-least smart
33
Breeding ewes are a mostly
western industry
34
Sheep specialty industry
-supplemental farm income
-youth livestock
-"ethic" markets
35
Today's sheep industry
-minor industry
-little on wool production
-more hair sheep
-use of sheep for weed/grass control
36
Sheep inventory
1. Texas
2. California
3. Colorado
37
Use for sheep inventory
1. meat
2. wool
3. milk
38
Blackface ram
-growthy
-muscular
-male
39
White faced ewe
-motherly
-female
40
Crossing a blackface ram and a whiteface ewe
terminal-crossing (heterosis)
41
Spring lambs
-lambs less than a year of age
-born in spring
-slaughter in late fall and winter
42
Lambs
-older than "spring lambs"
-less than a year of age at slaughter
43
"Hot house" lambs
-xmas to easter
-born in the fall
44
Lamb is less than
one year of age
45
Mutton is more than
one year of age
46
Extensive
-not a lot of ppl involved
-southwestern and northwestern range operations
47
Intensive
-lots of ppl involved
-farm flock operation and lamb feedlot industry
48
Southwestern range operations
-use fine-wool ewes
-rain, predators affect profits
49
Northwestern range operations
-more feed provided
-goal: fast growing
-heavier fleeced ewes
50
Farm flock operations
-intensive management
-2 lambs=1 ewe
51
Lamb feeding operations
-high concentrate grain diet
-goal: max average daily gain
52
Reproductive characteristics of sheep
age at puberty: 5-12 months
estrous cycle: 16 days
length of estrus: 30 hrs
gestation: 147 days
53
When do lambs lamb?
march/april
54
When do lambs wean?
july
55
When do lambs breed?
sept/oct/nov
56
Ewes generally breed ____ per year
once
57
Individual lambing:
Barn or shed:
Preferred lambing:
east
east
west
58
Pros of "range lambing"
-low cost
-no buildings
-lower amt of feed required
-lower labor requirements
59
Cons of "range lambing"
-higher death loss
-difficult health treatment
-high predation
60
Pros of "shed lambing"
-higher lamb crop percent
-avoid lamb losses
-health problems are easy to address
61
Cons of "shed lambing"
-needs lots of buildings
-high cost
-feed required is higher
-water source needed
-more labor
-increased disease transmission
62
Weight changes expected during a year
-weight loss at lambing
-lactation
-weaning
-dry ewe
-breeding
-increase weight
63
flushing
increasing energy before breeding
64
Primary cause of lamb deaths
1. predators
2. weather-related
3. disease
65
Sheep are ______ day breeders
short
66
how do sheep sense day length
pineal gland
67
what hormone is released that controls pineal gland
melatonin
68
Long season breeds
dorset, rambouillet, merino (pregnant in may)
69
Short season breeds
southdown, cheviot, shropshire (pregnant during fall/winter)
70
Range
extensively managed range operations
71
Shed
intensively managed "jugs"
72
crutching
shaving extra wool around vulva
73
facing
removing wool from face
74
drenching
removing parasites
75
working dog
border collie
76
age determination by teeth
every 1 then 0.5 years
77
correct
lower incisors align with dental pad
78
overshot jaw
(parrot mouth) hinders feed intake
79
undershot jaw
(monkey mouth)hinders feed intake
80
Goat meat inventory
texas
81
Goat dairy inventory
wisconsin
82
goat fiber inventory
texas
83
number of goats slaughtered has
increased
84
Goat repro characteristics
age at puberty: 4-12 months
estrous cycle duration: 16 days
length of estrus: 48 hrs
gestation length: 150 days
85
how many teats do goats have
2
86
Sheep products ranked
1. wool
2. meat
3. milk
87
wool characteristics
-moisture absorption and retention
-insulation
-less likely to burn
-performance fiber
88
the number of sheep are
declining
89
Wool quality factors
1. yield
2. fiber diameter
3. veggie matter
4. staple length
5. strength
6. color
7. crimp
90
the more fine the wool
the more it's worth
91
maternal sheep breed characteristics
-prolific (multiple babies)
-mothering ability
-moderate size
-higher quality wool
92
paternal sheep breed characteristics
-muscular
-fast growing
-lean
-later maturing
93
ewe breeds
-white faced
-excel in: wool production, milk production, fertility
94
ram breeds
-black faced
-excel in: carcass traits, growth rate
95
dual purpose breeds
used for either or both maternal and paternal traits
96
Merino
-white faced
-very fine fleeces
-lots of skin
97
rambouillet
-white faced
-most numerous sheep breed in the us
-high quality fleece
98
hampshire
-black face
-wool cap
-terminal sire
-muscular
-shaun the sheep
99
suffolk
-full black face and black legs
-terminal sire
-bell ears
100
Dorset
-white faced
-can breed out of season
-more prolific
101
Southdown
-light brown face
-medium to small
-can mature early
-hot house lambs
102
Finnsheep
-white faced
-small
-VERY prolific
103
Lincoln
-white faced
-long, coarse, heavy fleece
-used in the formation of other breeds
104
Columbia
-white faced
-lincoln rams x ramb. ewes
-medium wool
105
Katahdin
-white faced
-maternal
-does not require shearing
-hair sheep
106
Angora
-mohair
-TEXAS
-finest hair comes from kids
107
Angora goats use
1. meat production
2. mohair production
3. brush control
108
South African boer goat
-white with red head
-muscular
-increased ability to deposit fat
109
Spanish goat
-small
-hardy
-prolific
110
Lamancha
-no ears
-dairy
111
Nubian
-long ears
-highest butterfat content
-butter, cheese
112
Saanen
-white
-heaviest milking dairy goat breed
-erect ears
113
swine in post WWI
swine became distributed around the us
114
swine in 50s-60s
technology expanded rapidly
115
swine in 1970s
more emphasis on meat production, barns
116
swine in 1980s-90s
-vertical integration (1 company)
-specialization
-concentration (only a few companies control)
117
U.S produces how much of the worlds total pork
13% (china is 1st)
118
number of pigs have _______, number of hog operations have __________
stayed the same, gone down
119
Majority of hogs are
in the corn belt
120
top 3 producing hog states
1. iowa
2. north carolina
3. minnesota
121
Farrow to finish
-1 location
-not specialized
122
nursery/feeder pig production
-only feeder pigs
-specialized
123
grower/finisher
-take piglets and finish them for slaughter
124
purebred/seedstock production
-improve genetics
-specialized
125
integrated corporate production
-huge companies
126
what is the number one cost in the swine industry
feed
127
high tech makes things_____, operations that are more ______ go out of business
cheaper, expensive
128
gestation length of swine
114 days (3, 3, 3)
129
liter size (born, alive and weaned)
11, 10, 9
130
how litters per sow per year (industry target)
2.3 (national average is about 2
131
Disease prevention
-antibiotic feed additives
-vaccines
-biosecurity
132
minimize disease transmission by
-limited intro of new animals (AI)
-shower in--> shower out
133
main reasons for piglet deaths
-crushing
-starvation
134
preferred injection site for a pig is
in the neck muscle
135
Swine challenges
-environment
-capture more market share
-foreign competition
136
crossbreds are
20%-30% more efficient in production
137
breed complementation
utilize different breeds with strength in traits of interest
138
Maternal swine breeds
-white
-excel in litter size
-fertility
-milk production
139
Paternal swine breeds
-colored
-excel in leanness
-muscling
-growth rate
140
Nucleus heard is the
best of the best
141
Landrace
-large drooping ears
-most prolific
-large, long
-extra vertebrae
142
Yorkshire
-erect ears
-large litters
143
Duroc
-red
-fast growing
-muscular
-high amount of meat from carcass
144
Hampshire
-erect ears
-black with white belt
-less maternal than others
145
Berkshire
-erect ears
-black with 6 white points
-excellent meat quality (marbling)
146
Pietrain
-erect ears
-off white with black spots
-very lean
-heavy muscled
-stress prone
147
HCW
hot carcass weight
148
LEA
loin eye area
149
BF
back fat (at 10th rib)
150
PSE
-pale, soft, exudative (releases water)
-stress gene (napole gene)
151
PSE quality
-not appealing
-affect profit
-associated with stress syndrome
-can be avoided through genetics, nutrition and management
152
Broliers
meat production
153
layers
egg production
154
turkeys
-meat production
-north america
155
poultry industry provides
-provides inexpensive protein
-2nd highest farm cash receipts in ag
156
3 major segments of poultry industry
-broiler- 64%
-egg-20%
-turkeys-13%
157
management of poultry
-uses little forage
-automated vaccines
-the bigger you are the, cheaper you can buy things
158
poultry consumption
keeps increasing
159
chicken is the cheapest to
purchase and produce
160
What place has the most chickens
china
161
top egg producer country
china
162
top chicken producer country
USA
163
top turkey producer country
USA
164
top egg producer state
iowa
165
top broiler producer state
georgia
166
top turkey producer state
minnasota
167
strain
families within a breed
168
Leghorn
-1- single comb white
-white eggs production
169
Cornish
-dark
-broiler production
-muscular
170
Plymouth rock
-white
-broiler production
-not a laying bird
171
white cornish x white plymouth rock
-helps with health and growth
172
Broilers breeding
-mainly "outcrossing" between breeds or strains
173
Layers breeding
-concentrate traits
-inbred lines
174
inbreeding depression
smaller, don't grow well
175
quantitative traits of interest in broilers
-growth rate
-disease resistance
-muscling
-feed efficiency
-structural soundness
176
Layers (quantitative/qualitative)
-feed/egg weight
-egg weight
-egg shape/color
-total egg production
-shell quality
177
Vertical integration
-one owner from producer to processor
178
Contractors provide
facilities and labor
179
Broiler companies
tyson, purdue, pilgrim
180
where are broilers located in the U.S
southeastern u.s, favorable climate, low cost labor, close to population centers
181
Grade A of turkey
-no deformities
-free of feathers, exposed flesh, broken or disjointed bones
182
Grade B of turkey
accepts some of above
183
Grade C of turkey
accepts any level of exposed flesh
184
turkey production has
increased
185
price of turkey has
gone up, peak during thanksgiving
185
Shell
calcium carbonate, protective
186
Membranes
air cell
187
Albumen
3 layers, clear/white--> protein
188
Yolk
-fat
-germinal disc is site where embryo development begins
189
Incubation period of chickens
21 days
190
LOOK AT EGG STRUCTURE
GO LOOK
191
Chalazae
holds yolk in the middle
192
Egg structure: yolk
-yellow portion of egg
-30% of liquid of total liquid weight
-fatty
193
egg structure: albumin
1. chalaziferous layer (3%)
2. inner thin (17%), contains chalazae
3. thick albumin (57%) major source of protein
4. thin albumin (23%)
194
egg structure: shell membranes
-2 shell membranes
-inner membrane thicker than outer
-keratin
195
egg structure: shell
-12% egg weight
-2 layers (spongy, cuticle)
196
Spongy layer
-mostly calcium carbonate
-lots of pores
197
cuticle layer
-protective covering
198
what structure takes the longest to form
shell
199
how long does an egg take to form
25 hours
200
whole egg composition
-75% water
-12-14% protein
-10-12% lipids
-minerals
-carbs
201
Egg white (albumen) composition
-mostly water
202
Egg yolk composition
-50% water
-17% protein
-33% lipids
203
eggs are only a
small part of the poultry industry
204
30% of eggs are
further processed
205
54% of eggs are
sold to retail as whole eggs
206
Laying hens start laying at about
22 weeks of age
207
the average hen produces how many eggs in a year?
275
208
molt
lose feathers (then regrow), build up energy and pause laying
