Exam #2 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What is digestion?
A
the process by which food is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by the body
2
Q
What is absorption?
A
the movement of the substances from the GI tract to the cells/blood
3
Q
Ruminant stomach characteristics
A
-complex “stomach
-microbial digestion
-long digestive tract
-protein synthesis
-herbivores
4
Q
Monogastric stomach characterisitics
A
-simple stomach
-enzymatic digestion
-short digestive tract
-no protein synthesis
-carnivores/omnivores
5
Q
Rumen
A
-rumen papillae
-site of microbe fermentation
-release of volatile fatty acids
-increase surface area by rumination
6
Q
Reticulum
A
-honeycomb
-traps large feed particles
-traps metal pieces
-“hardware” disease
7
Q
Omasum
A
-water regulation
-acts like a filter, squeezes water out of feed so it stays in the rumen
8
Q
Abomasum
A
-“true” stomach
-enzymes to digest feedstuffs
-breaks down protein into amino acids (absorbed in small intestine)
9
Q
Quality assurance
A
a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met
10
Q
Quality assurance examples in livestock production
A
-daily production practices
-consumer expectations
11
Q
In order to meet and exceed consumer expectations we must have:
A
product integrity and eating satisfaction
12
Q
What types of things can be wrong with carcass?
A
bruising, bullet wounds, meet is a dark/purple color
13
Q
Importance of livestock production
A
-generates a crop of offspring
-initiates lactation
-affected by genetics and environment
14
Q
What are gonads?
A
sex glands
15
Q
What do gonads produce?
A
-gametes (sex cells)
-sex hormones
16
Q
What are the specific gonads?
A
ovaries and testicles
17
Q
What is a gamete?
A
haploid sex cell
18
Q
What are the specific gametes?
A
egg and sperm
19
Q
What do ovaries produce?
A
egg cells, estrogen, and progesterone
20
Q
What do testicles produce?
A
sperm cells, testosterone
21
Q
Estrus
A
heat
22
Q
Estrous cycle
A
period of time from one estrus to the next
23
Q
Anestrous
A
period of sexual inactivity (between estrus cycles)
24
Q
Puberty
A
age at which young become capable of reproducing
25
Fertilization
fusion of male and female gametes
26
Gestation
period of time in between conception and birth, (pregnant)
27
Embryo
early stage of development (organs and structures), becomes a fetus at a certain age
28
Human vs Livestock
Humans: menstrual cycle, "concealed ovulation", lack obvious signs
Livestock: regularly in heat, timing can be seasonal
29
Short day breeders
conceive in fall, sheep
30
Long day breeders
conceive in spring, horses
31
Function of ovary
production of estrogen and progesterone
32
Function of oviduct
transport of egg and sperm, site of fertilization
33
Function of uterus
sperm transport, regulation of corpus luteum, site of pregnancy, expulsion of fetus
34
Function of cervix
sperm transport, prevents uterine contamination
35
Vagina
birth canal
36
LOOK AT REPRO ORGAN DIAGRAMS
GO LOOK
37
LOOK AT OVARIAN STRUCTRES DIAGRAM
GO LOOK
38
Follicle
ovulate egg (estrogen)
39
Corpus Luteum
pregnancy (progesterone)
40
Why do bison and horses have a longer puberty cycle?
they are not food production animals
41
Average gestation length for an ewe
147 days
42
Average gestation length for a doe
150 days
43
Average gestation length for a cow
285 days
44
Average gestation length for a sow
114 days
45
Luteal phase
-days 1-18
-progesterone from corpus luteum
46
Follicular phase
-days 18-21
-estrogen from follicle
47
Estrogen is high when
ovulation occurs
48
Progesterone is high when
the corpus luteum is at its largest
49
What is the average estrous cycle for most animals?
21 days
50
Timing of AI
-put sperm in about 12-24 hours after heat
-place it directly in uterus
51
Attempt at conception
-egg moves to oviduct
-fertilization with sperm
-CL releases progesterone
52
If no conception
-CL is killed about 15 days later by PG which is released from uterus
53
If conception and pregnancy
-uterine implantation in 5 weeks
54
When is maternal recognition of pregnancy?
days 14-15
55
Placentation
-connects mother to fetus
-produces progesterone
56
Caruncles
mother side
57
Cotyledons
fetus side
58
Prostaglandin tries to
kill off placenta
59
What is the main activity cows do during estrus?
stand to be mounted
60
Before ovulation structure
the follicle: estradiol
61
After ovulation structure
corpus luteum: progesterone
62
PGF2a is
prostate gland
63
How long is the estrus period (hours)?
8-16 hours
64
Secondary signs of heat
-swollen vulva
-alert and active
-more walking
-mucus discharge
65
Tail chalk is used to
see if the calf has been mounted
66
Kamar detectors are
less used because they can fall off and be expensive
67
Anestrus
-female does not exhibit regular estrous cycles
-ovaries are inactive
-can be pregnant, seasonal, stress, lactational
68
LOOK AT REPRO DIAGRAM OF UTERUS
GO LOOK
69
Estrous phase will not occur if
the cow is pregnant
70
The corpus luteum
protrudes out
71
The follicle
does not protrude
72
What angle to do AI?
45 degree angle
73
2 ways to diagnose pregnancy
-rectal palpation
-ultrasound
74
Why do pregnant cows arrive at slaughter?
-producers unaware
-health status
-poor production
-economic reasons
75
Causes of fetal loss
-chromosomal abnormalities
-stress
-nutrition
-infection
-toxic plants
76
What can we do to minimize fetal loss?
-proper management
-vaccinations
-cleanliness
-minimize stress
77
Characteristics of early gestation
-organ development
-formation of limbs
-placentation
78
Characteristics of mid-gestation
-functionality of tissues
-peak placental growth
79
Characteristics of late gestation
-peak fetal growth
80
There is competition for nutrients between the
mother, fetus, placenta, mammary
81
Genetics
study of inheritance and variation
82
Animal breeding
application of knowledge of genetics to the improvement of animals
83
Performance=
genetics + environment
84
Transmittable
breeding value (progeny difference) (improved through selection)
85
Creatable
gene combination value (improved through mating decisions)
86
more complex P=
BV + GCV + E
(breeding) (produce better offspring) (environment)
87
External factors on animal performance
-feeding and nutrition
-location
-climate and weather
-age
88
Brisket disease
-heart is working hard to live at altitude
-pulmonary artery gets thick
89
4 bases of DNA
A, T, C, G
90
DNA determines the
structure of a protein
91
Intron
does not contribute to protein sequence
92
Exon
does contribute to protein sequence
93
Gene expression
protein product
94
Upregulation
healing process
95
Downregulation
cancers downregulate to repair DNA
96
Genotype
identifies the marker alleles an animal carries
97
Single nucleotide polymorphism
-DNA sequence that occurs in a population
-effects performance
98
Genomics
adds accuracy to our ability to select the "best" animals for breeding
99
Direct selection
selection directly on the trait of interest
100
Indirect selection
selecting on 1 trait to improve another
101
Heritability
measure of the strength of the relationship between performance and breeding values for a trait in a population
102
Performance
phenotypic value
103
Breeding value
genetic value
104
When heritability is low
an animals performance would not be a good indicator of their breeding value
105
What are the 2 tools to improve animal populations
selection and mating
106
Selection
which individuals become parents
107
Mating
determines which males are bred to which females
108
What are the 4 factors influencing rate of genetic improvement?
-selection intensity
-generation interval
-genetic variation
-accuracy of selection
109
EPD
half of a breeding value
110
the lower the EPD...
the better
111
Stage 1 of parturition
-start of uterine contractions
-pressure against cervix
-ends with water sac and fetal parts out
112
Stage 2 of parturition
-contractions
-ends with expulsion of fetus
113
Stage 3 of parturition
-expulsion of fetal membranes (placenta)
114
If contractions take too long
there is oxygen deprivation
115
Fetal stress
-not enough room
-fetal cortisol
-bad weather
116
P4
progesterone
117
PGF2d
allows animal to cycle again
118
relaxin
allows ligaments to stretch
119
E2
estrogen
120
Dystocia
difficult birth (5-15%)
121
Biggest reason for dystocia
excessive birth rate and malpresentation
122
Epididymis
concentration, storage, transport
123
Testicles
testosterone and sperm production
124
Vas deferens
sperm transport
125
Scrotum
support of testicles
126
Accessory gland
addition of fluid volume, nutrients
127
Penis
copulatory organ
128
Bull sperm
head, mid piece, principle piece, end piece
129
Sperm abnormalities
proximal droplet, bent tail, detached
130
Semen
-fluid from testicles that contains sperm and seminal fluid
-discharged from via ejaculation
131
Sperm
-haploid gamete
-developed is testicles
132
Breeding soundness exam
physical exam, collect, evaluate sperm cells
133
Physical exam
-structure
-scrotal circumference
-repro tract
134
Evaluate sperm cells
-concentration
-motility
-morphology
135
Options for inseminating semen
1. natural insemination
2. artificial insemination
136
Pros and cons of AI
genetic improvement, labor
137
Pros and cons of natural service
low cost, poor bulls
138
What is livestock judging?
appraising an animals value for the purpose which they are produced (form and shape)
139
4 steps to evaluate livestock
1. develop an ideal image
2. observe, evaluate, compare
3. make logical decision
4. defend with oral reasons
140
Livestock judging priorities
1. muscle
2. leanness
3. structure
4. rib/body
141
Purpose of lactation
provide immune protection and nutrition to the young
142
Colostrum
-immunity
-antibodies
143
What is milk?
a fluid secreted by the mammary glands of females for the nourishment of their young
144
Pasteurized
add heat to kill pathogens
145
Homogenized
shake to mix fat globs
146
Grade A
safe for human consumption
147
What is essential for milk production?
-appropriate management
-nutrition
-comfort
-health
148
Milk production is dependent on
-genetic potential
-environmental factors
149
4 quarters=
1 udder
150
Lobule
150-225 alveoli
151
Alveolus
production unit
152
Epithelial cells
synthesis and secretion of milk into lumen of alveoli
153
Myoepithelial cells
-cover surface of small ducts down within a lobule
-contraction for milk production
154
400 units of blood
1 gallon
155
5 stages of mammary development
-fetal
-prepubertal
-postpubertal
-pregnancy
-lactation
156
Prolactin (initiation)
-stimulates milk secretion by epithelial cells
157
Growth hormone
-maintains growth and lactation
-protein
158
Oxytocin
smooth muscles to contract
159
Average dairy cow in the US
-milked 2-3 times daily
-4-5 minutes
-10-12 months a year
160
Breed
animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of species
161
Unique characteristics of a breed
color pattern, horned/polled, ear set, wool quality, body shape and size
162
Crossbred
crossing 2 or more breeds, diverse within a species
163
Heterosis
-(hybrid vigor)
-performance of offspring that is greater than the average of the parents
164
Purebred
-recognized at a breed association
-"seedstock"
165
Commercial
livestock not registered with a breed association
166
Composite
a crossbred animal managed as a purebred
167
Dual purpose
provide at least 2 kinds resources
168
Purebred breeding system
no new breeds, no hybrid vigor
169
Crossbred breeding system
new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (crossbred females are kept for replacements)
170
Terminal breeding system
new breeds, 100% hybrid vigor (offspring go to slaughter, are no replacements)
171
2-breed
50% angus + 50% hereford
172
3-breed
1/3 angus + 1/3 hereford + 1/3 shorthorn
173
Terminal sire bred
more growthy and muscular
174
Maternal animal
calves well, be a good mother
175
Angus
-black or red
-good mothers
-easy calving
-easy crossbred
176
Hereford
-red with white face
-very hardy
-good mothers
177
Shorthorn
-red, white, roan
-heavier milking
-dual purpose (dairy and beef)
178
Charolais
-white, cream
-fast growing, muscular
-popular in crossbred
179
Gelbvieh
-red or black
-dual purpose
-heavy milking
-balancers (g x a)
180
Limousin
-red or black
-lean
-Lim flex (limousin x angus)
181
Simmental
-dulap
-multi purpose
-heavy milking
182
Brahman
-4 indian breeds
-most muscular indian breed
-heat tolerant
-slower to reach puberty
183
Brangus
-3/8 brahman, 5/8 angus
-black
-maternal
184
Beefmaster
-in texas
-1/2 brahman, 1/4 hereford, 1/4 shorthorn
-hardy
-maternal
185
We produce 25% of the worlds beef with
10% of the worlds cattle
186
Wean at 550 lbs
weaned calf that is leaving ranch
187
Yearling 800lb steer
walking into a ranch
188
1,300-1,400lb fed steer
walking out of steer into slaughter
189
When do cows calve?
march-april
190
When do cows breed?
may-june
191
When do cows wean?
september-october
192
Ranching chracteristics
1. requires a huge investment per cow
2. high risk and variables are hard to control
3. mostly relies on family labor
4. barley profitable
5. requires expertise
6. requires long term commitment
7. relies on off-ranch income
8. not appealing to young people
193
Seedstock segment goal
identify "elite" sires
194
Consumer changes-sustainability
1. environmental
2. economic
3. social
195
Consumer changes-animal welfare
-cruelty acts
-traditional industry practices
-new tech
