Exam 1 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
What are the 8 Steps to Tissue Preparation?
A
Fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, embedding, trimming, staining, mounting
2
Q
Fixation
A
Tissue samples are placed in chemical solutions that will reserve the cell and tissue structure
3
Q
Dehydration
A
The tissue is placed in a cassette and then transferred through a series of concentrated alcohol to remove the water from the specimen
4
Q
Clearing
A
The alcohol from the pervious step is removed using organic solution. Such as paraffin or another embedding medium
5
Q
Infiltration and Embedding
A
The sample is placed in paraffin wax and becomes infiltrated with the substance. The sample is embedded in a mold with the wax.
6
Q
Trimming
A
The paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue with a machine called a microtome
7
Q
Staining
A
The sample is stained. Dyes stain material selectively and act like acids and bases
8
Q
Mounting
A
Once the slide is stained it will be preserved by adding a protective glass coverslip over the tissue with a clear adhesive
9
Q
Hematoxylin is a ____ dye that binds to _____ components of a tissue
A
basic; acidic
10
Q
Hematoxylin has a _____ charge and will stain _____ charged structures blue
A
positive; negatively
11
Q
Eosin is an ______ dye that binds to ______ components of a tissue
A
acidic; basic
12
Q
Eosin has a _______ charge and will stain __________ charged structures pink/red
A
negative; negitively
13
Q
Hematoxylin sticks to _________ structures
A
basophilic
14
Q
Eosin sticks to __________ structures
A
acidophilic
15
Q
What does Giemsa-Wright Stain do?
A
Stains red blood cells and white blood cells
16
Q
What does Aspergillus stain do?
A
It is also known as silver stain, it is good for fungi and reticular fibres
17
Q
What are periodic acid Schiff stains?
A
Stains carbohydrates and carbohydrate rich molecules a deep red colour
18
Q
Toluidine blue will stain most things blue but _________ will stain purple
A
mast cells
19
Q
Tissues are composed of
A
Cells and extracellular matrix
20
Q
Organs are composed of
A
paranchyma and stroma
21
Q
What is parenchyma?
A
The cells that perform the main function of an organ
22
Q
What is stroma?
A
Any tissue that isn’t doing the main function of the organ such as connective tissue
23
Q
What are the 7 functions of epithelium?
A
covering or external surfaces, lining of internal surfaces, protection, absorption, secretion, sensation, contraction
24
Q
What are the 2 types of epithelium?
A
Covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium
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What does covering and lining epithelium do?
Covers the outer surfaces of the body
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What does glandular epithelium do?
Contains specialized cells for secretion
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What makes of the basement membrane?
The basal lamina and the reticular lamina
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What is the basal lamina?
It connects directly to the epithelial tissues and has 2 layers
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What are the 2 layers of the basal lamina
lamina lucida and lamina densa
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What does Lamina Lucida do?
Loosely connects to deep layer
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What does Lamina Densa do?
It is a dense layer made of type IV collagen and perlecan
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What is Perlecan?
It provides cross linkages to hold the basal lamina and reticular lamina together
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What is the reticular lamina?
It connects the basal lamina to the underlying connective tissue
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What 3 things make up the reticular lamina?
Reticular fibers, anchoring fibrils, and anchoring plaques
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What are the functions of the basal lamina
structure, organization and filtration
36
What is the order of intercellular junctions from most apical to basal
Zonula occludens or tight junctions, zona adherenes or adherens junctions, macula adherens or desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions
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What does the zonula occludens/tight junctions do?
Forms tight bands that will completely encircle each cell. The tight junctions fuse the membranes of adjacent cells to seal off the intercellular space
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What are the 2 proteins that form tight junctions?
Claudins and occludins
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What does the zonula adherens/adherens junctions do?
Forms bands that completely encircle the cell. Actin filaments in the cytoplasm insert into attachment plaques.
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What are the 2 proteins that make up zonula adherens?
Cadherin and catenin
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What are the Macula Adherens/Desmosomes ?
Spot adhesions between cells. Desmosomes on the adjacent cells line up and cytokeratin filaments insert into the attachment plaques that is in the cell membrane.
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What are the 2 proteins that make up attachment plaques in the macula adherens?
Desmoplakin and plankoglobin
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What protein can make a desmosome?
Cadherin
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What are Hemidesmosomes?
It attaches to the epithelial cells to the basal lamina. Integrins attach the basal surface of the cell to the basal lamina
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What are the proteins of the hemidesmosomes?
Integrins
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What is a gap junction
It can occur anywhere along the lateral surface of the cells and are also found in many other types of cells. It allows ions and other small molecules to pass through to facilitate cellular communication
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What protein makes up a gap junction?
Connexons - it has a central pore with connecting plasma membranes
48
Microvilli
Has a central core of actin filaments. They do not move and their main function is to increase the surface area of the cell.
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What can be referred to as the brush border?
Microvilli
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Cila
Hair like structures that comer off the apical cell. They are bigger than microvilli. They perform rapid beating patterns that move fluid and suspended matter in one direction along the epithelium
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Sterocilia
Similar to microvilli but longer. Long non-motile projections. They function to assist in absorption
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Where is sterocilia found?
Reproductive system and the inner ear
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Simple Sqamous
One layer of flattened cells
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Stratified Sqamous
Two or more layers of flattened cells
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Simple Cuboidal
One layer of cube shaped cells
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Stratified Cuboidal
Two or more layers of cube shaped cells
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Simple Columnar
One layer of the tall rectangular epithelium with nucleus in a horizontal line
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Stratified Columnar
Two or more layers of the rectangular epithelium with nucleus in a horizontal line
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Pseudostratified Columnar
Rectangular layers of the epithelium but the nucleus does not line up
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What are the 2 types of simple squamous cells?
Endothelium and mesothelium
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What is endothelium and where do you find it?
A layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the inner surface of the cornea, heart, lungs, nerves, and muscles
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What is mesothelium and where do you find it?
A layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines large body cavities and secretes a lubricant film called serous fluid.
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What are three examples of body cavities?
Pleura (lung cavity), pericardium (heart cavity), and peritoneum (abdominal cavity)
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Location of simple squamous
Alveolar
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Location of stratified squamous (keratinized)
Dermis and mouth (dry areas)
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Location of stratified squamous (non-keratinized)
Mouth, anus, vagina (moist areas)
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Location of simple cubodial
Ducts and tubules of the kidney
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Location of stratified cuboidal
Large ducts in the body
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Location of simple columnar
Lining of the digestive system and female reproductive tract
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location of stratified columnar
Conjunctiva of the eye and male urethra
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Location of pseudostratified columnar
Respiratory system
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Location of transitional epithelium
Lining of bladder, ureters, urethra
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Function of simple squamous
Movement of the viscera and active transport by pinocytosis
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Function of simple cuboidal
Covering and secretion
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Function of simple columnar
Protection, lubercation, absorption, secretion
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Function of stratified squamous (keratinized)
Protection and prevention of water loss
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Function of stratified squamous (non-keratinized)
Protection, secretion, prevention of water loss
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Function of stratified cubodial
Protection and secretion
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Function of stratified transitional
Protection and also has the capacity to swell from internal pressure
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Distensibility
The ability of stratified transitional cells to swell from internal pressure
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Function of stratified columnar
Protection
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Function of pseudostratified columnar
Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages
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What are the three types of glandular tissue?
Unicellular glands, exocrine glands, and endocrine glands
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Unicellular glands
Most commonly goblet cells, found in simple columnar, simple cuboidal and pseudostratified epithelia
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Goblet cells
Secrete lubricating mucus and aid the functioning of the organs they are found in
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Exocrine glands
Remain connected with the surface epithelium forming tubular ducts that lead to another organ or the body surface, where secretion is used
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Endocrine glands
Lose the connection to the original epithelium and therefore lack ducts. Thin walled blood vessels, called capillaries, adjacent to the endocrine cells absorb their secreted hormone products for transport in the blood.
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What are the three types of exocrine secretion?
Merocine, apocrine, and holocrine
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Merocrine
Secretion that releases products, usually containing protein, by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the cells
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What is the most common type of exocrine secretion?
Merocrine
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Apocrine
Secretion that involves loss of membrane enclosed apical cytoplasm. Commonly seen in mammary glands
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Holocrine
Secretion is produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete terminal differentiation, which becomes filled with product. Example - sebaceous glands of hair follicles, acne
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What are the 2 types of merocrine secretion?
Serous and mucous
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Serous Secretion
Secretes a protein that is mostly not glycosylated such as digestive enzymes
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What will serous secretion cells stain well with?
Basophilic and acidophilic stains such as hematoxylin and eosin
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Mucous Secretion
Excretes heavily glycosylated proteins called mucins
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What will mucous secretion stain well with?
Periodic acid schiff because of the high concentration of oligosaccharides
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Myoepithelium
Contractile cells at the basal end of secretory cells. Contain actin and myosin filaments to perform contraction and propel secretory products from the duct into the duct system
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What are the six functions of connective tissue?
Support, packing, storage, transport, repair, and defense
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Support (connective tissue)
Structural and mechanical
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Packing (connective tissue)
Fills spaces and gives shapes to organs
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Storage (connective tissue)
Adipose tissue stores energy. Loose areolar connective stores water and electrolytes
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Transport (connective tissue)
Medium for nutrient transport and metabolic waste excretion
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Repair (connective tissue)
Fibroblasts; create and repair connective tissue helping to repair the matrix and fibres
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Defense (connective tissue)
Phagocytosis engulfs the destroys foreign substances and dead cells as well as creating antibodies
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What makes up connective tissue?
Cells and extracellular matrix
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What is the major component of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix
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Connective tissue develops from a precursor tissue called _________
Mesenchyme
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Mesenchyme
An undifferentiated tissue present only in early embryonic life. Gives rise to all connective tissue as well as vessels and smooth muscle cells
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What makes up the extracellular matrix?
Protein fibres and ground substance
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What are the three types of protein fibres?
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
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Collagen Fibers
24 types, most abundant, flexible but non-extensible, made of polypeptide chains
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Elastin fibres
Able to stretch, thinner than collagen
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What are elastin fibres made of?
Elastin and fibrillin
115
Reticular Fibres (Type III Collagen)
Help to give delicate support to organs, such as immune organs (lymph nodes, liver, and spleen)
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What three things make up ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
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Function type 1 collagen
Resistance to tension
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Location type 1 collagen
Skin, tendons, bone, organ capsules
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Function type 2 collagen
Resistance to pressure
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Location type 2 collagen
Cartilage
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Function type 3 collagen
Delicate, flexible structural support
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Location type 3 collagen
Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, basement membrane (immune support)
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What is tropocollagen?
Synthesized by fibroblasts released into extracellular space where it is polymerized to form collagen fibrils
124
4 ways collagen is synthesized besides tropcollagen?
Chondroblasts - build in collagen
Osteoblasts - build in bone
Smooth muscle - in blood vessels
Odentoblasts - in the tooth
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Structure of elastic fibres
Composed of an elastin core called an amorphous which has no definite shape. It is surounded by microfibrils
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Location of elastic fibres
Large arteries such as the aorta
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Chains of disaccharides which is one plain sugar and one amino acid
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Proteoglycans and glycoprotiens
Types of glycosaminoglycans
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Which GAG does not need a core protein
Hyaluronic acid
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Proteoglycan
Protein core with a bunch of attached GAGs. Contains more carbohydrates than protein
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Glycoprotein
Globular proteins with attached carbohydrates. They contain more protein than carbohydrates
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What are the 2 types of glycoproteins
Fibronectin and laminin
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Fibronectin
Present through all connective tissue, mediates normal cell adhesion and migration
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Laminin
Present in the basal lamina. Helps epithelium cells stick to the basal lamina - important in cell differentiation and migration
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What are the 4 types of fixed cells?
Fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, adipocytes, and fixed macrophages
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What are the 4 types of extrinsic/wandering cells?
Free macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and leukocytes
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Granulocytes consist of what three things?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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Neutrophil apperance
Multi-lobed nucleus
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Neutrophil function
Phagocytosis, inflammatory response, chemotaxis
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Eosinphils appearance
Bi-loped nucleus
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Eosinphils function
Parasitic defense, allergic reactions, and regulator for
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Basophils apperance
Bi-lobed or a-shaped nucleus
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Basophils Function
Allergic and inflammatory responses, and support mast cells
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Agranulocytes apperance
Round nucelus
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Agranulocytes function
Adaptive immunity (anitbody production, cytotoxicity, regulation)
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Monocytes apperance
Kidney shaped nucleus (abundant in cytoplasm)
147
Monocytes function
Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and tissue repair
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What are the four types of connective tissue proper?
Dense regular, dense irregular, loose areolar, and loose reticular
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Dense regular function
Resists stretching forces in one direction
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Dense regular location
Tendons, ligaments
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Dense regular apperance
Thick, pink collagen bundles running all parallel to each other
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Dense irregular function
Resists stretching forces in multiple directions
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Dense irregular location
Dermis, organ capsules
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Dense irregular appearance
Thick, collagen bundles running in different directions
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Loose areolar function
Provides delicate support and cushioning
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Loose areolar location
Under epithelium, around blood vessels
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Loose areolar appearance
Lots of ground substance with scattered cells and thin fibres
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Loose reticular function
Provides a flexible structural framework
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Loose reticular location
Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
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Loose reticular appearrance
Delicate network of fine type II collagen (reticular fibres)
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________ is very metabolically active _______ is not
Bone; cartilage
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________ has good blood supply __________ does not
Bone; cartilage
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_________ heals well __________ does not
Bone; cartilage
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________ is vascular ___________ is avascular
Bone; cartilage
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_________ forms the template of all bones
Cartilage
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Chondroblasts
Cells that will differentiate into chondrocytes
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Chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells that lie in little lacunae
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Perichondrium
Dense vascular layer of connective tissue composed of fibroblasts and type I collagen that covers the surface of hyaline and elastic cartilage - not fibrocartilage
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___________ helps with getter oxygen to deeper cartilage
Perichondrium
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Hyaline cartilage collagen type
Type II
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Elastic cartilage collagen type
Type II collagen fibres and elastic fibres
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Fibrocartilage collagen type
Type I collagen fibers
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Hyaline Cartilage location
Lines articular surfaces of the joints, large respiratory passages, and epiphyseal plate
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Hyaline cartilage function
Support of soft tissue, lines joints, and growth of long bones
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__________ is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
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Elastic cartilage location
Located in areas that are pliable and flexible (pinna of the ear, external auditory canal, auditory tube, epiglottis and lrynax
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Fibrocartilage location
Areas subject the pulling forces such as the interveterbral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus, and attachments for tendons and ligaments
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Fibrocartilage function
Provide cushion, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression
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What are the 2 types of cartilage growth?
Interstitial and appositional growth
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Interstitial Growth
Growth within cartilage. Chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix
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Appositional Growth
Growth along the outside of cartilage. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes
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Epiphyseal Plate
A layer of hyaline cartilage that lets the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length
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Epiphyseal Line
At age 18-21, bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate fuses, and the cartilage in the region is replaced
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What are the three types of cells in bone?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and costeoclasts
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Osteoblasts
Produce bone matrix, prompted by testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, and weight bearing exercise and muscle use
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Osteocytes
Lie in lacunae, involved in the maintenance of bone matrix, death results in the resorption of bone matrix
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Osteoclasts
Reabsorb bone, arise from fusion of blood monocytes, resorbs osteoclasts adjacent to bone
188
What are the 2 parts of cells in the ECM?
Organic and inorganic part
189
Organic part (ECM - bone)
Osteoid consists of type I collagen fibres and ground substance
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Inorganic part (ECM - bone)
Consists of hydroxyapatite crystals
191
Immature bone
The first bone laid down, formed quickly and later replaced with more organized mature bone
192
Immature bone structure
Always spongy (trabecular)
193
Immature bone collagen fibre arrangement
Random
194
Immature bone has _______ of osteocytes
Lots
195
Mature bone (secondary, lamellar)
Arranged into osteons which are layers of bone around little canals
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Mature bone structure
Compact on the outside and spongy inside
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Mature bone collagen fibre arrangement
Parallel
198
Mature bone has _________ osteocytes
Few
199
What are the four parts of the Haversian system?
Osteon, lacunae and canals, lamellae, canals in the bone
200
Osteon
Aligned in the same direction along lines of stress, provide protection, support and stress of body weight
201
Lacunae and Canals
Secrete matrix that hardens as it is calcified. Traps differentiating cells in luaunae. Receive nutrients from microvasculature in the central canals
202
Lamellae 2 types
Concentric and intersitial
203
Concentric lamellae
Rings of calcified extracellular matrix around the Haversian (central) canals
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Interstitial lamellae
The areas between osteons (contain fragments of older replaced osteons)
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2 types of canals in the bone
Volkamnn's (performing) and Haversian (central)
206
Volkamnn's Canals
Horizontal canals for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Connects the peristrium to the medullary cavity and central canals
207
Haversian Canals
Vertical canals for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
208
Piezeolectric Effect
The property of some material to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
209
What are the 2 types of ossification?
Intramembranous and endochondral
210
Intramembranous Ossification
The formation of most flat bones
211
Endochondral Ossification
Ossification within the cartilage forming most bones of the body such as long bones and irregular bones
