Organ Systems Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Function of Circulatory System
A
Pump and direct blood and cells to most tissues of the body. Includes both blood and lymphatic vascular systems
2
Q
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
A
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
3
Q
Endocardium
A
Endothelial lining with a supporting layer of fibroelastic connective tissue and deeper connective tissue layer continuous with the myocardium called the sub-endothelial layer
4
Q
Myocardium
A
Cardiac muscle fibres arranged in spirals around the heart chambers. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker due to more force used during contraction
5
Q
Epicardium
A
Simple squamous mesothelium, corresponds to visceral pericardium. Secretes serous fluid to decrease friction when beating
6
Q
Where are the purkinje fibres located?
A
In the subendothelial layer
7
Q
All blood vessels except ________ contain smooth muscle and connective tissue
A
Capillaries
8
Q
What influences the number of tissues and vessels in a vascular wall?
A
Mechanical factors - blood pressure and metabolic factors
9
Q
Local immune response secretes?
A
P-selectin - allows movement of white blood cells to site
10
Q
Vasculogenesis
A
Formation of vasculature in mesenchyme in embryo
11
Q
Angiogensis
A
Growth and maintenance of existing blood vessel networks during growth and tissue repair
12
Q
The hormone that controls vasculogensis?
A
VEGf (vascular endothelial growth factor)
13
Q
Lympthatics
A
Found within the myocardium of the heart. They drain interstitial fluid and help balance within the heart tissue
14
Q
What are capillaries?
A
Thin walled vessels that are made up of one layer of endothelial cells and are the site of gas and nutrient exchange
15
Q
What are the three layers of vessel walls?
A
Internal tunica intima
Middle tunica media
External tunica externa
16
Q
Internal tunica intima
A
Endothelium and sub-endothelial, in arteries (internal elastic lamina)
17
Q
Middle tunica media
A
Concentric layers of smooth muscle interposed between elastic fibres, reticular fibres and proteoglycans. In arteries (external elastic lamina)
18
Q
External tunica externa
A
Connective tissue, continuous and bound to stroma of organ through which it traverses. Unmyelinated vasomotor nerves
19
Q
Layers of the capillaries
A
Tunica Intima - endothelium
Tunica media - contains a few pericytes
Tunica adventitia - none
20
Q
What are the three types of capillaries?
A
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids
21
Q
Continuous Capillaries
A
The most common type. Many tight junctions, prevent leakage, all molecules exchange by diffusion, continuous basement membrane
22
Q
Continuous capillary location
A
Most places; skin, muscles, lungs, CNS (blood brain barrier)
23
Q
Fenestrated Capillaries
A
Small holes in the endothelial cells, allow for greater exchange of molecules, continuous basement membrane
24
Q
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
A
Endocrine glands, intestine walls, and choroid plexus
25
Sinusoid Capillaries
Discontinuous capillary, discontinuous basement membrane, exchange large macromolecules and whole cells
26
Where are sinusoid capillaries found?
Bone marrow, kidney, spleen, and liver
27
What are the three types of arteries?
Elastic
Muscular
Small
28
Elastic Arteries
Use elastic recoil to move blood from the heart to the rest of the body under steady pressure
29
Elastic Arteries Layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue with smooth muscle
Tunica media - many elastic lamellae alternating with smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue is thinner than media, with vasa vasorum
30
Mucular Arteries
Vasodilation and constriction cause blood flow with steady pressure to organs
31
Muscular Arteries Layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue with smooth muscle
Tunica media - many smooth muscle layers with less elastic material
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue thinner than media, vasa vasorum may be present
32
Small Arteries
Distribute blood to arterioles
33
Small Arteries Layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue with less smooth muscle
Tunica media - 3-10 layers of smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue thinners than media, no vasa vasorum
34
Veins
Deoxygenated blood that travels from the body to the heart
35
What are the three types of veins?
Small, medium, and large
36
Small veins
Collect blood from venules
37
Small veins layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue with scattered smooth muscle fibres
Tunica media - thin, 2-3 loose layers of muscle cells
Tunica Adventitia - connective tissue thicker than media
38
Medium Veins
Carry blood to larger veins with no back flow
39
Medium veins layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue with valves
Tunica media - 3-5 more distinct layers of smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia - thicker than media
40
Large veins
Return blood to the heart
41
Large veins layers
Tunica intima - endothelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle, prominent valves
Tunica media - more than 5 layers of smooth muscle with collagen
Tunica adventitia - thickest layer with bundled longitudinal smooth muscle
42
What vessels have valves?
Veins to prevent lymph backflow
43
What substances are secreted by blood vessels?
The endothelium of blood vessels secrete nitric oxide through vasodilation, endothelin through vasoconstriction, and anticoagulations like prostacyclin
44
Damage to the endothelial layer can be caused by?
Atherosclerosis
45
Composition of whole blood?
Plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
46
What is more abundant in whole blood?
Plasma
47
What is most abundant in plasma?
Albumins
48
Plasma
Mostly water, and then proteins, most common protein = albumins
49
Buffy coat
Mostly platelets
Leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
50
Granulocytes
Abundant granules (lysomomes); polymorphic nucleic and two or more distinct lobes
51
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
52
Neutrophils
3-5 lobes, kill and phagocytose bacteria
53
Eosinophils
Bilobed, kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation
54
Basophils
Bilobed or s-shaped, modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
55
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
56
Lymphocytes
Spherical, effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
57
Monocytes
Indented, precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
58
Platelets can also be called?
Thrombocytes
59
Platelets
Very small, non-nucleated membrane bound cell fragments that originate from bone marrow cells called magakaryocytes
60
Sparse ___________ surrounds platelets to help with adhesion
Glycocalyx
61
Platelets primary function
Release the content of their granules upon contact with collagen to begin process of clot formation and contain blood less through hemostasis
62
Blood has _____ neclei
No
63
Blood is what shape?
Biconcave
64
Blood cells can stack up in loose aggregates in small blood vessels called?
Rouleau
65
Hemoglobin
Tetrameric oxygen carry protein with no mitochondria
66
What is the function of albumin?
Maintain osmotic pressure and blood pressure
67
Function of lymphocytes
Perform various immune functions after leaving the blood stream
68
What type of epithelium is in the oral cavity?
Stratified squamous epithelium
gums/hard palate is keratinized
cheeks, flood and pharynx are non-keratinized
69
What type of epithelium is in the esophagus?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, cardiac glands at the lower end
70
What type of epithelium is in the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium
71
What type of epithelium is in the small intestine?
Absorptive columnar epithelium with a brush border (microvilli with glycocalyx)
72
What type of epithelium is in the large intestine?
Goblet and absorptive cells (columnar with microvilli)
73
What type of epithelium is in the anus?
Stratified squamous epithelium - longitudinal anal columns
74
Plicae Circulares
Small permanent circular folds in the small intestine consisting of mucosa and submucosa
75
Villi
Short mucosal outgrowths that cover small intestine that project into the lumen
76
Microvilli
Make up the brush border of the small intestine along with glycocalyx and increase surface area for absorption
77
Types of muscle in the esophagus (muscularis)
Upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle
Middle - mix of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3 - smooth muscle
78
How many layers of muscles are there in muscularis externa in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
4 layers
79
What are the 4 layers of muscularis externa?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
80
Mucosa
The innermost layer - epithelial lining with underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells and glands
81
Submucosa
Denser connective tissue with larger blood vessels and submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus) of autonomic nerves as well as significant lymphoid tissue
82
Muscularis
Smooth muscle arranged in two or more layers
83
Serosa
The outermost layer - thin sheet of loose connective tissue covered in mesothelium that secretes serous fluid for lubrication
84
What is MALT?
Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
85
Where is MALT Located?
Found in the lamina propria of the large intestine due to its large bacterial population
86
What are the two cells of the gastric pit?
Surface mucous cells
Mucous neck cells
87
Surface mucous cells
Secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin, protects the stomach's inner lining from acidic environment and digestive enzymes
88
Mucous neck cells
Secretes acidic fluid containing mucin, maintains acidic environment of the stomach and serves as a lubricant for the movement of ingested food
89
What kind of epithelium is in the respiratory tract?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
90
Tracheobronchial tree parts big to small
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveoli
91
Trachea epithelium and cartilage
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
92
Bronchi epithelium and cartilage
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Irregular hyaline cartilage plates
93
Bronchioles epithelium and cartilage
Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar, with exocrine club cells
No cartilage
94
Terminal bronchioles epithelium and cartilage
Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells
No cartilage
95
Respiratory bronchioles epithelium and cartilage
Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells, with scattered alveoli
No cartilage
96
Alveolar ducts and sacs
Simple cuboidal between many alveoli
No cartilage
97
Alveoli
Types I and II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
No cartilage
98
What type of tissue makes up the alveoli?
Types I and II alveolar cells (pneumocytes) - the gas exchange sites
99
Goblet Cells
Cell that secretes mucus, found on superior nasal conchae roof of nasal cavity
100
Club Cells
Secretes components of surfactant, participate in detoxification, secrete antimicrobial peptides and cytokines - in the bronchioles
101
Epidermis is made up of ____ layers
4
102
What are the layers of the Epidermis?
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum coreum
103
What layer of epidermis is only present in thick skin?
The stratum lucidum
104
Thick vs. thin skin number of layers
Thick - 5 layers
Thin - 4 layers
105
Stratum Basale
The most basal. One layer of mitotically active cuboidal cells attached by hemidesmosomes and integrins to the basement membrane and to each other by desmosomes. Contain keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel cells
106
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers of polyhedral cells attached to each other by desmosomes at the tips of short projections containing bundles keratin, or tonofibrils. Contains langerhans cells
107
Stratum Granulosum
Thinner layer of keratinocytes, now flattened and filled densely with keratohyaline granules containing filaggrin and other proteins binding the tonofibrils. Cytoplasm is filled with basophilic masses called keratohyaline granules
108
Stratum Corneum
The most apical. Protects against water loss, friction, and microbial invasion, and consists of flattened, terminally differentiated cells, or squames, which are slowly lost
109
What are the nerve receptors in the dermis?
Meissner's corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Free nerve endings
110
Meissner's Corpuscles
Located in the papillary dermis, particularly in areas of sensitive skin (detect light touch and vibration)
111
Ruffini Endings
Found in the deep dermis (detect stretch and sustained pressure)
112
Free nerve endings (dermis)
Present in the dermis (detects pain, temperature, and other sensations)
113
What are the nerve receptors in the epidermis?
Merkel cells
Free nerve endings
114
Merkel Cells
Found in the basal layer of the epidermis (mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and texture)
115
Free Nerve Endings (epidermis)
Extend into the epidermis (detect pain, temperature, and itch)
116
What nerve receptors are in the subcutaneous tissue?
Pacinian corpuscles
Nerve fibres
117
Pacinian Corpuscles
located in subcutaneous tissue and the deep dermis (detect deep pressure and vibrations)
118
Nerve Fibres (subcutaneous tissue)
Large nerve trunks compared to free nerve endings (carry signals to and from various nerve receptors)
119
What are the layers of the dermis?
Thin papillary layer
Thick reticular layer
120
Thin Papillary Layer (more superior)
Includes dermal papillae and consists of loose connective tissue with types I and III collage fibres, mast cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells
121
Thick Reticular Layer (deeper)
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue, mainly type I collagen
122
Ureter Epithelium
Transitional (urothelium)
123
Ureter Function
Allows for stretching and expansion as it carries urine from kidneys to the bladder, barrier against toxic effects
124
Urinary Bladder Epithelium
Transitional (urothelium)
125
Urinary Bladder Function
Similar to the ureter, enables bladder to stretch to accommodate varying volumes of urine
126
Urethra Epithelium
Ranges from transitional to stratified squamous (near the external urethral orifice)
127
Urethra Function
Provides flexibility, protection from urine, withstands friction and mechanical stress
128
External Urethral Orifice Epithelium
Stratified squamous
129
External Urethral Orifice Function
Protects against mechanical stress and friction near the body's external surface
130
What is the muscle of the urinary bladder?
The detrusor muscle
131
What is the function of the detrusor muscle?
Plays and role in storage and excretion of urine within the urinary bladder, is relaxed during storage, contracts during excretion
132
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
133
What is a nephron
Consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and a renal tubule
134
What type of capillaries are in the kidney?
Fenestrated - they specialize in filtration. Contain small pores allowing the passage of water, ions, glucose, and small molecules
135
What cells surround the capillaries in the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
136
Glomerulus
A network of tiny blood vessels where filtration of blood occurs
137
Bowman's Capsule
Surrounds the glomerulus
138
The renal corpuscle and renal tubule make up a _______
Nephron
