exam 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
what does the central nervous system include?
A
- brain
- spinal cord
- grey matter
- white matter
- cerebrospinal fluid
2
Q
CNS
A
responsible for the interaction of nervous inputs and responses
- take inputs from sensory systems and we calculate a response
3
Q
gray matter
A
- processing
- contains unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
- clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are nuclei
- dendrites
- axon terminals
4
Q
white matter
A
nothing is being done, but signals are passing through
- almost entirely composed of myelinated axons
- axon bundles connecting CNS regions are tracts
- contains very few cell bodies
5
Q
cerebrospinal fluid
A
blood of the CNS & white blood cells have a hard time getting here
- filtered from blood
- astrocytes help control what moves (estrodiol cannot cross but testosterone can)
6
Q
3 parts of the cerebrum
A
- sensory areas
- motor areas
- association areas
7
Q
sensory areas of cerebrum
A
where info from body gets processed
- sensory input translated into perception (awareness)
8
Q
motor areas of cerebrum
A
send outputs to the body
- direct skeletal muscle movement
9
Q
association areas of cerebrum
A
highest order functions (thinking or understanding)
- integrate information from sensory and motor areas
- can direct voluntary behaviors
10
Q
cerebellum
A
- little brain
- functions on its own
- helps coordinate somatic motor actions throughout the body (balance, coordination, motor patterns)
- compares activity of the body to frontal lobe signal and adjusts as necessary
11
Q
brainstem
A
- connection between brain and spinal cord
- where 11 of 12 cranial nerves originate
- includes: midbrain, medulla oblongata, pons
12
Q
spinal cord
A
- 31 segments, each with a pair of spinal nerves
- each segment controls nerves from that part of the body
13
Q
nerve
A
bundle of axons, blood vessels, and connective tissues going in the same direction
14
Q
3 main divisions of the spinal cord
A
- spinal cord
- conus medullaris
- conus equina
15
Q
conus medullaris
A
- narrowing right after L2
16
Q
conus equina
A
“horse tail” of nerves
17
Q
integration by the CNS
A
- spinal cord only
-signals carried up to the brain
18
Q
stretch
A
a muscle is rapidly stretched, causing contraction
ex. patellar
19
Q
autogenic strong pull on tendon
A
immediate relaxation of associated muscle
20
Q
flexor
A
- rapid flexion to avoid painful stimulus
- ex. touching something hot
21
Q
spinal reflexes
A
integration and generation of motor response happens in spinal cord
22
Q
spindle apparatus
A
stretch flexor
23
Q
perception of energy carried by sound waves
A
- pressure of energy picked up by vibrations
- occulting power of positive and negative pressure
24
Q
frequency is translated into ____
A
pitch
25
high frequency then,
high pitch
26
low frequency then,
low pitch
27
loudness is an interpretation of what?
intensity
28
peak
push in of temporal membrane
29
troph
push out of temporal membrane
30
amplitude
how far the tympanic membrane is pushed in
31
the oval window
- small
- weaker
- amplifies sound to about 20x the loudness (increases volume)
32
what happens if there are less neurotransmitters in ear?
it will be quieter
33
basilar membrane
- starts really thin (causing higher pitch) by oval window
- becomes thick (lower pitch) towards the apex
34
how will the tympanic membrane thin out and break down?
- with age
- with listening to things too loud
35
where do hair cells sit? what does it do?
on the basilar membrane; moves when it vibrates
36
hair cell tips (stereocillium)
- when they bend, ions move into the cell
- at the tip of each one, there are K+ channels
- sound waves push hairs, causing more channels to open
37
photoreceptors
- transdice light energy into electrical signal
38
neural pathways
process electrical signals onto visual images
39
melanin
absorbs light well so the pigmented cell will cover the photoreceptor cell and absorb light
40
vision
the detection of light at its most basic form
41
what happens to rhodopsin when light hits it?
it breaks apart
42
why is the lens of the eye set for specific distance?
- so it can focus on light
- collect light coming from all directions
43
when the lens is thick,
you see far
44
when lens is thin,
you see closer
45
optic disc
where all wiring collects (known as blind spot)
46
how do we still see everything with a blindspot?
eyes will compensate for each other.
- if they don't, the brain makes up for what needs to be in that space
47
rods
- function well in low light
- cylinder shape
- non-distinct and will pick up anything with a small amount of light
48
cones
- taper at tip
- contain an oil droplet that acts as a color filter
- very good at determining color
- only receive a small subset of receptors
- have a hard time picking up color in dark conditions
49
visual pigments do what?
- convert light energy into a change in membrane potential
50
how many pigments does rods contain?
3 pigments
51
how many pigments does cones contain?
3 pigments
52
tetrachromatic
- 4 color classes
- rare
- see more colors and vibrance
53
dichromatic
- 2 color classes
- missing one of the cone classes
- red-green color blindness
54
trichromatic
- contains 3 color classes
- red cone
- blue-green cone
- violet cone
55
red cone
responsible for red colors
56
blue-green cone
sees mostly green
57
violet cone
sees ultraviolet and the brain and cornea filter it out
58
primary somatic sensory cortex
- conscious sensation
- receives information from ascending spinal cord pathways
- body is mapped on cortex
59
ascending pathways
- located in white matter
- somatic sensory association area
60
somatic sensory in association area
- in parietal lobe
- understanding of sensory information
61
dorsal column tract
- fine touch and vibration
62
spinothalamic tract
- temperature
- pain
- coarse touch to cerebral cortex through thalamus
- from spinal cord to thalamus
63
spinocerebellar tract
- body sends information to cerebellum and parietal lobe
- from spinal cord to cerebellum
64
somatic motor neurons
- control skeletal muscles
- mostly voluntary
- only needs one neuron
65
autonomic neurons
- control smooth, cardiac muscles, many glands, lymphoid, and some adipose tissues
- mostly involuntary
- sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
- always arranged in pairs
66
where do neurons start and end?
start= spinal cord
end=in muscles
67
pregangliononic neurons
- originates in the spinal cord and send to the ganglion
- is longer in parasympathetic
- short in sympathetic
68
postganglionic neuron
- from ganglion to the organ
- short in parasympathetic
- long in sympathetic
69
somatic motor system
- control voluntary movements under orders from the cerebral cortex
70
prefrontal
makes a decision that something needs to occur
71
premotor
starts to plan out action
72
corticospinal
from cortex to spinal cord
73
corticobulbar
from cortex to head and neck
74
anything BELOW C7 is using what?
corticospinal
75
anything ABOVE C1 is what?
corticobulbar
76
sympathetic branch
- located in the thoracic nerves and first 2 lumbar segments of the spinal cord
- secretes acetylcholine
- ganglia parallel to vertebral column (close to the spinal cord)
- postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (used at the organ)
77
parasympathetic branch
- preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine
- ganglia is near organs (located in the sacral region)
- postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine
78
what does parasympathetic do?
resets all processes after sympathetic
- goes through vagus nerve
79
what will stimulating the vagus nerve do to the heart?
slow your heart down
- bradycardia
80
enteric nervous system
- poorly understood
- mini nervous system that controls the digestive system directly
- can function & control the GI system without the spinal cord or brain
81
what are the enteric nervous systems two sets of neurons?
- submucossal plexus
- myenteric plexus
82
submucossal plexus
secretion and absorption
- deep, near dermal layer
83
myenteric plexus
- smooth muscle tone and contraction
- controls muscle movements of the GI system
- controls sphincters and amount of constriction, also regulates movements
- functions autonomously
84
Human skin mechanoreceptors differ in their location (depth) and adaptation speed. Explain how these two factors determine their function.
- Connective tissue (deeper, more= less sensitive/ more superficial, less= more sensitive)
- Adaptation speed (short lived or long lived)
85
What two aspects of sound waves are encoded by hair cells? How are these two aspects perceived?
- Amplitude & frequency
- High amplitude= louder/ low amplitude=quieter
- The more hair cells the more amplitude
- High frequency= high pitch/ low - frequency=lower pitch
- The deeper in the cochlea, the more frequency
- Close to oval window =high frequency/ far
86
How do rods and cones differ?
- Cones filter out certain colors of light using oil droplet/ harder time with intensity (needs brighter light)
- Rods can see in any condition but have no sense of colors
87
What do localization, mapping, and relative size mean in the context of brain evolution?
- area of the brain that is responsive to a part of the body Is the same.
- Things in similar location tend to be mapped together
88
How do somatic motor circuits differ from autonomic circuits? Where are ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic circuits located
Somatic motor circuits have one motor neuron and autonomic always has two (preganglionic and postganglionic)
