Quiz 1 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Why are receptors for steroid hormones typically found inside the cells while receptors for polypeptides are typically found on the membrane?
A
- When it come to steroids, the are lipid soluble and they are intracellular.
- polypeptides are lipid insoluble and are on the membrane
2
Q
How does the hypothalamus control the action of the anterior pituitary? Posterior pituitary? List one product of each pituitary gland.
A
- the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by secreting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system. They can be releasing hormone or inhibiting hormones
-Product of anterior pituitary: growth hormone (GH) - the posterior pituitary gland doesn’t produce its own hormones but store and release hormones produced by the hypothalamus
- product of posterior pituitary: oxytocin
3
Q
A patient has consistently high levels of calcitonin. Biopsy of the thyroid gland show no structural abnormalities. Briefly speculate on possible causes of patients condition.
A
Autoimmune thyroid diseases may have elevated calcitonin levels without structural thyroid changes
4
Q
The most significant difference between a paraffins and an autocrine is what?
A
The target cell
5
Q
Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, what happens?
A
Gene transcription may increase of decrease
6
Q
Description of glucose
A
- fairly large
- nonpolar
- has to use a transport protein to travel into the cell
- you will also need to use active transport since transport protein leaves a lot of glucose behind
7
Q
Sodium potassium pump steps
A
- 3 Na+ from intracellular fluid (ICF) bind to high- affinity sites
- ATPase is phosphorylates with p from ATP
- Na binding sites lose their affinity for Na+ and release 3 Na+ into extra cellular fluid (ECF)
- 2 K+ from ECF bind to high- affinity sites
- high- affinity binding sites for Ana+ appear & K binding sites lose their affinity for K+ and release 2 K+ into ICF
8
Q
What is a allosteric inhibitor
A
A modulator that binds to protein away from binding sites lose their and inactivates the binding site
- tells you where it binds but not if it’s competitive
9
Q
What makes endocrine responses slow compared to nervous responses?
A
- Endocrine responses rely on the release of hormones into the bloodstream, which then has to travel to organs or tissues. This process takes more time.
- nervous response deals with electrical impulses that travel quickly along neurons
10
Q
Why is there so much chemical diversity of hormones? Under what circumstances is one class favored over another?
A
There is so much chemical diversity of hormones because it arises from the different ways in which the body needs to regulate and coordinate a wide range of processes .
- for immediate, short term effects, peptide hormones are preferred
- for longer, more sustainable effects, steroid hormones are preferred
11
Q
If almost all hormones are released constantly, how do they cause large and sudden responses?
A
you only need small changes to get big changes
12
Q
Why do some cells respond to any given hormone and not others?
A
It has to be the right type of receptor that can bind to that hormone
13
Q
How can two cells have completely different responses to the same hormone?
A
The cells can have different receptor types or isoforms
14
Q
How and why do hormones interact with each other?
A
Hormones interact with eachother to coordinate and fine-tune physiological processes. They can do this by doing the following:
- synergistic interactions
- antagonistic interactions
- permissive interactions
- integrative interactions
- negative and positive feedback loops
15
Q
What causes abnormal hormone levels and endocrine pathologies?
A
- genetic mutations
- diseases
- tumors
- autoimmune disorders
- environmental influences
16
Q
Nervous systems
A
- fast
- rapidly transmits info along axons
17
Q
Endocrine system
A
- slow
- transmits info using hormones
- released in bloodstream to reach target
18
Q
Endocrine hormones
A
- released by cells that create a gland
- cells are only responsive to a hormone if they have receptors for it
- some are produces by neuroendocrines
19
Q
Three chemical classes of endocrine
A
- polypeptides
- steroid hormones
- amino acid derivatives
20
Q
Polypeptides
A
- proteins
- not lipid soluble
- relatively short lived
- largest
- receptors are outside of the cell
21
Q
Steroid hormones
A
- small
- lipid based
- lipid soluble
- long lived
- derived from cholesterol
-receptors are in the cell - very stable
22
Q
amino acid derivatives
A
- small
- most not lipid soluble
- most very short lived
- carries a charge (acts like a polypeptide)
23
Q
lipid solubility
A
determines where receptors will be located and wether or not the hormone can be stored up ahead of time
24
Q
Acute
A
- short term/lived
- causes immediate action
- fight or flight
- need sudden release of large amounts of hormone
- amino acid derivatives
25
chronic
- long term
- stress induced by competition, predation, starvation
- need to change the resource use and aquisition
- slow onset, long duration
- can be found inside the cell or on the cell membrane
26
where can endocrine receptors be found?
- on the membrane
- in the cytoplasm
- on the nucleus
27
what do lipid soluble hormones in endocrine mostly target?
intracellular receptors
28
what do lipid-insoluble hormones in endocrine mostly target
membrane bound receptors
29
what does the cell respond to?
the second messenger
30
lipid soluble hormones (hormon receptors) bind to what?
intracellular receptors
- often a transcription factor
- directly affect gene expression `
31
lipid insoluble hormone (hormone receptors) must bind where
surface receptors
- variety of types and functions
- many trigger the production of a second messenger inside of a cell
32
when G proteins are activated, they:
-open ion channels
- alter enzyme activity of the cytoplasmic side of the membrane
33
ligand gated channel
- open or closed by something
- hormone has to bind
- calcium is 2nd messenger
34
GPCR-adenylyl cyclase signal transduction and amplification steps
1. signal molecule binds to G-protein- coupled receptor, which activates the G protein
2. G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.
3. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
4. cAMP activates protein kinase A.
5. protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to a cellular response
35
true or false: all hormones are always present in circulation
true; except for two hormones
- thymocin
-growth hormone
36
what permits changes in hormone levels when needed?
allostasis
37
what are the 3 forms control over hormone level takes?
- HPA (hypothalamic pituitary axis) "hormonal"
- humoral
- neural
38
HPA
- controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary
- hypothalamus is the control center of the endocrine system
- it communicates with the rest of the endocrine system via anterior pituitary
39
humoral
gland can regulate itself and doesnt need help. some hormones can be regulated by a gland that releases them directly
40
neural
neurotransmitter that is put into the blood stream instead of jumping a normal synapse
- always regulated via neural control
41
IH
inhibiting hormones cause release of hormones to slow down
42
RH
releasing hormones tell anterior pituitary to release more
43
anterior pituitary
- true endocrine gland
- responds to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
- continuous with the hypothalamus
- secretes tropins or tropic hormones
44
posterior pituitary
- exstension of hypothalumus
- contains axons of neurose whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
- secretes neuroendocrines
45
humoral control
- some glands are able to directly control levels of their own hormones
- monitor body fluids and alter hormone levels as needed
- can sense the amount of hormones released
46
neural control
-neuroendocrines are usually controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system
- released in the same way as normal neurotransmitters, except there is not synapse, enter the blood stream instead
47
agonism
- binds to the receptor for the hormone, causing the same response
48
antagonism
- molecule that binds to receptor but it turns it off, can be competitive or non competitive
49
permissiveness
- need a second hormone to get full effect
- you have to hit threshold
- hormone has to be there to permit normal physiology
50
hypersecretion
too much hormone
- cushing's
-often caused by a tumor
- sometimes caused by exogenous sources
51
hyposecretion
insufficient hormone
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- caused by decreased synthesis materials
52
what is graves disease, and what are the symptoms?
- autoimmune disorder
- insomnia, bulging eyes, jitterness
53
what causes grave disease?
autoantibodies that act as agonists for the T4 receptor
54
graves disease treatments
- destroying the thyroid gland
- surgery
- synthetic thyroid hormone
55
what is acromegaly and what are its symptoms?
- hypersecretion of growth hormone
-causes boes to get longer, fatigue, chronic headache, joint pain, enlarged feet, hands, nose, jaw
56
what causes acromegaly?
- pituitary adenoma
57
what is hashimoto's disease and what causes it?
- form of hypothyroidism
- caused by an autoimmune attack of the thyroid gland
-body attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and damage to the gland
58
what is addison's disease and its symptoms?
- insufficient production of cortisol
- weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, excessive skin pigmentation
59
causes of pathologies
- decreased number of receptors
- receptor and signal transduction abnormalities
60
GnRH description
- gonadotropin- releasing hormone
- released by hypothalamus
- targets anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates the pituitary gland to produce hormones that regulate reproductive function
61
CRH description
- corticotropin releasing hormone
- released from the hypothalamus
- targets anterior pituitary gland
- regulates the bodies response to stress
62
TRH description
- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- released from the hypothalamus
- targets the anterior pituitary gland
- regulates thyroid hormone levels, stimulating the release of other hormones, affecting the CNS
63
GHRH description
- growth hormone releasing hormone
- released from the anterior pituitary gland
- targets the anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates pituitary gland to produce and release GH into the blood stream
64
prolactin
- released from the pituitary gland
- targets the mammary glands, testes, kidneys
-milk production, stress response, and reproduction
65
TSH description
- thyroid-stimlating hormone
- released from the pituitary gland
- targets thyroid gland
-signals the thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormones
66
ACTH description
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- released from pituitary gland
- targets adrenal cortex
- Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol
67
LH description
- luteinizing hormone
- released from pituitary gland
- targets ovaries/testes
- stimulates the production of sex hormones and regulating the menstrual cycle
68
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
- released from pituitary gland
- targets ovaries/testes
- helps regulate sexual development and reproduction
69
oxytocin
- released from the pituitary gland
- targets uterine muscles & mammary glands - stimulates uterine contractions during labor and child birth, and helps with breastfeeding and social interactions
70
ADH
- antidiuretic hormone
- releases from pituitary gland
- targets kidneys
-regulates water balance in the body by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water
71
T3 and T4 description
- triiodothyronine & thyroxine
- released by thyroid gland
- targets brain, heart, muscles, bones, liver
- regulate the body's metabolism by controlling how cells use energy
72
calcitonin
- released by Thyroid gland
- targets bone
- reduces blood calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and the amount of calcium reabsorbed by the kidney
73
parathyroid hormone description
- released by the parathyroid glands
- targets bones & kidneys
- regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
74
cortisol description
- released by the adrenal glands
- targets most cells in body
- helps the body manage stress, regulate blood sugar, and reduce inflammation
75
aldosterone
- released from adrenal glands
- targets kidneys
- increases the amount of sodium they send into your blood stream or the amount of potassium released in your urine
76
epinephrine
- released by adrenal glands
- targets all body tissues
- prepares the body for flight or fight response
77
norepinephrine description
- released by the adrenal glands
- targets blood vessels, heart muscles, smooth muscles
- helps the body respond to stress and danger
78
testosterone description
- released by testes
- targets testes, prostate glands, muscle tissue, bone tissue, hair follicles
- helps mature sperm, regulate sex drive, muscle , bones, and skin
79
estradiol description
- released form ovaries
- targets uterus, ovaries, vagina, breast, bone, brain, adipose tissue
- acts on estrogen receptors to regulate gene transcription and expression
80
progesterone
- released from corpus luteum, adrenal glands, and placenta
- targets uterine endometrium
- preparing the uterus for pregnancy, regulating the menstrual cycle, and supporting the development of the mammary glands
81
insulin description
- released from pancreas
- targets liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue - maintains normal glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
82
glucagon
- released from pancreas
- targets liver, adipose tissue
- increases blood glucose levels by signaling the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
83
erythropoietin description
- released from kindeys
- targets bone marrow
- stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
