Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

human phys > quiz 4: respiratory system > Flashcards

quiz 4: respiratory system Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does is mean when arterial PO2 is LOW

A

you are hypoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

inhalation can also be called what?

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is inhalation?

A

Active process via contraction of the diaphragm and exterior intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

another word for exhalation is what?

A

Expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is passive exhalation?

A
  • passive via elasticity of the thoracic wall and lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is active exhalation?

A
  • active via contraction of interior intercostal and abdominal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a respirometer?

A

Device used to measure ventilation rates and volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is auscultation?

A

a diagnostic technique listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, and other organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some obstructive lung diseases?

A
  • Asthma
  • obstructive sleep apnea
  • chronic bronchitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can cause CNS depression?

A
  • drugs
  • alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a ventilation injury?

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is hyperpnea and give an example

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increased metabolism
- ex. exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is hyperventilation and give an example

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism
- ex. blowing up a balloon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is hypoventilation and give an example

A

decreased alveolar ventilation
- ex. asthma, shallow breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is tachypnea and give an example

A

rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth
- ex. panting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is dyspnea and give an example

A

difficulty breathing
- ex. hard exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is apnea and give an example

A

cessation of breathing
- ex. voluntary breath-holding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens to air passage ways with asthma?

A

they become narrow making it hard to move air in and out and exchange gases causing them to be hypoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

air in the thorax in the wrong area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parietal pleura

A

is attached to the thorax wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

visceral pleura

A

attached to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens when a pneumothorax occurs?

A
  • the pleura space is filled with fluid that acts as lubricants
  • so if a hole is made in the pleura space, the inhale will suck air into the pleura space instead of the lung causing it to collapse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens during alveolar exchange and perfusion?

A
  • gases diffuse across the alveolus wall and the adjoining capillary
  • blood flow through capillary is matched to how effective the alveolar ventilation rate is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what affects the alveolar exchange?
distance between the two walls
26
if alveolar ventilation rate is less effective, what does blood flow through capillary look like?
less blood flow
27
if alveolar ventilation rate is more effective, what does blood flow through capillary look like?
more blood flow
28
what is perfusion
amount of blood flow into the lungs -happens very instantaneous
29
how do you determine how fast the concentration gradient is?
- it all depends on how fast the blood is moving past this point
30
how do gases diffuse across the alveolus wall?
- rides the concentration gradient across cell membranes to move from one compartment to another
31
what do pathologies of alveolar exchange make happen?
- decrease in amount of alveolar surface area - increase in thickness of alveolar membrane - increase in diffusion distance between alveoli and blood
32
what is emphysema?
decrease in alveolar surface area making it harder for gases to be exchanged
33
when pathologies cause alveolar membrane to thicken, what happens?
- it makes it harder for air to cross - and causes fibrotic lung diseases
34
what is pulmonary edema?
fluid buildup in the lung
35
what happens to the alveoli when experiencing emphysema?
instead of looking like clusters, it will become more round causing less surface area for gas exchange to occur.
36
what happens to the alveoli when experiencing Fibrotic Lung Disease?
the walls become thick - thick alveolar membrane slows gas exchange - loss of lung compliance may lead to decrease in alveolar ventilation - air may get stuck in alveoli
37
what happens to the alveoli when experiencing pulmonary edema?
- a build of of fluid outside of the alveoli will occur - fluid in the interstitial space increased diffusion distance
38
if blood content isn't working well during perfusion, what happens?
we want to shunt to another alveoli that works better
39
what happens if ventilation decreases in a group of alveoli?
-PCO2 increases - PO2 decreases - blood flowing past those alveoli doesn't get oxygenated
40
what happens when there is decreased tissue around PO2?
under ventilated alveoli constricts their arterioles diverting blood to better ventilated alveoli.
41
how can pulmonary edema be caused?
- capillaries will always be fenestrated - when pressure is low, blood flows within - when pressure is increased, blood will flow out causing pulmonary edema to occur
42
what are the three ways gases can be transported?
- dissolved in plasma - dissolved in blood cell cytoplasm - bound to a respiratory pigment
43
what is plasma?
modified water in the blood
44
what respiratory pigment is used in humans to transport gases in blood?
hemoglobin
45
what is oxygens solubility and reactivity in water?
- low solubility - low reactivity
46
hemoglobin has high affinity for what?
O2 - 98% oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
47
why can you never have more oxygen in you than in your environment?
we never fully exhale air
48
during hyperventilation, what will happen to oxygen levels?
numbers will go up
49
during hyporventilation, what will happen to oxygen levels?
numbers will go down
50
why is there a shallow decrease in arterial blood
- could drop from pulmonary edema - could drop from cystic fibrosis
51
What does HAPE stand for and what does it mean?
- High Altitude Pulmonary Edema - it feels like you are drowning at high altitudes
52
what causes pulmonary edema?
- toxins - or HAPE
53
why can birds travel at higher altitudes than humans?
because the have more efficient lungs than humans. - birds compress ALL the air out of the lungs - humans cannot compress air out all the way
54
in birds, what is equivalent to alveoli in humans?
Parabronuhi
55
parabronchi
-in birds is the lung itself - is where gas exchange is happening - equivalent to alveoli
56
what are the airsacs in birds called?
- anterior air sacs - posterior airsacs
57
when birds inhale, what happens?
- it bypasses the lungs and goes to the air sacs in the back of the body
58
when a birds exhales, what happens?
- air doesn't come out let it is exhaled into the lung and gas exchange has occurred. - when another inhale is performed, new air is moved into the posterior sacs and anterior air sacs will send air out
59
Patients with COPD often experience bouts of ____, fast but shallow breathing
tachypnea
60
in ___, the alveoli are destroyed entirely or are damaged to the point they lose a significant amount of surface area.
emphysema
61
what distinguished passive and active exhalation? list major muscles involved in active exhalation.
- active exhalation via contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles - passive via elasticity of thoracic cavity and lungs (doesn't require muscle contraction.)
62
COPD, the combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, can cause hypoxia via two different mechanisms, one dealing with ventilation and one dealing with alveolar exchange. briefly explain both mechanisms.
ventialtion: inflammation of bronchi/bronchioles - constrict & air cannot get into alveoli causing hypoxia gas exchange: decrease surface area of alveoli - less room for gas exchange leading to hypoxia
63
generally, COPD patients are given supplemental oxygen. Explain how breathing oxygen- enriched air would help counteract ventilation and gas exchange hypoxia.
- oxygen enriched air would increase the amount of O2 that passes through the inflamed bronchi/ bronchioles which helps increase ventilation and prevent hypoxia. - oxygen enriched air would allow more O2 to enter the alveoli and diffuse to the capillaries and prevent hypoxia even though the alveoli lost its surface area.

human phys (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions