Exam 1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Were oranges native to the Americas before European colonization?
A
False
2
Q
Are grapes used in the production of wine in Texas
A
True
3
Q
Did ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Mesopotamians practice horticulture for both food and ornamental purposes
A
True
4
Q
Did the introduction of new crops like citrus and olives improve American agriculture?
A
True
5
Q
Did plants contribute to the stabilization of Earth’s soils
A
True
6
Q
Was Cooksonia an early example of a vascular plant
A
True
7
Q
Did vascular tissue enable plants to grow taller and transport nutrients
A
True
8
Q
Were stomata essential for gas exchange in early land plant
A
True
9
Q
Does horticulture have cultural value by preserving plant species
A
True
10
Q
Did plants play a major role in transforming Earth’s atmosphere by producing oxygen?
A
True
11
Q
Does horticulture contribute to the economy by creating jobs in agriculture, landscaping, and garden design
A
True
12
Q
Was lignin crucial for structural support in plants
A
True
13
Q
Did the cuticle serve as a barrier to water loss for plants
A
True
14
Q
Did early forests contribute to significant carbon storage in the Earth
A
True
15
Q
Do all land plants rely on spores for reproduction
A
False
16
Q
Can horticulture increase food security by enhancing local production of fruits and vegetables
A
True
17
Q
Is horticulture important for supporting biodiversity by cultivating diverse plant species
A
True
18
Q
Was the transition to land easy for early plants due to abundant water
A
False
19
Q
Did Thomas Jefferson have a vineyard at Monticello
A
True
20
Q
Is pomology the study of ornamental plants
A
False
21
Q
Did the evolution of flowers enhance plant reproduction through animal pollination
A
True
22
Q
Did the Carboniferous period see a dominance of ferns and horsetails
A
True
23
Q
Is the olive tree native to North America
A
False
24
Q
Did bryophytes, such as mosses, lack vascular tissues
A
True
25
Did the Columbian Exchange include the transfer of crops like tomatoes and potatoes to the Old World?
True
26
Were early plants dependent on water for reproduction
True
27
Did the Columbian Exchange have an impact on the global spread of crops like citrus and grapes?
True
28
Did the evolution of seeds allow plants to colonize drier areas?
True
29
Did seed plants emerge before ferns in evolutionary history?
False
30
Is the history of horticulture closely tied to the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants?
True
31
Was the USDA created after the founding of the United States?
True
32
Are oranges a native crop to the United States?
False
33
Is horticulture only concerned with food crops?
False
34
Did olives, grapes, and citrus play a significant role in Mediterranean agriculture?
True
35
Were algae the ancestors of land plants?
True
36
Are gymnosperms known for producing cones instead of flowers?
True
37
Does horticulture play a role in improving mental health by providing therapeutic spaces like gardens?
True
38
Did Thomas Jefferson experiment with growing olive trees at Monticello?
True
39
Is lignin found in the cell walls of vascular plants?
True
39
Were the first land plants limited to moist environments?
True
40
The primary function of stems is to absorb water from the soil.
False
41
The vascular tissue in plants consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water, nutrients, and sugars.
True
42
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in energy production in plant cells
True
43
The epidermis in plant roots serves as a barrier to prevent water absorption.
False
44
Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants.
True
45
The epidermis of a stem is primarily responsible for photosynthesis.
False
46
Stomata are found only on the underside of leaves.
False
47
Potato tubers are modified roots.
False (specialized stems)
48
The phloem transports sugars and organic compounds in the root system.
True
49
The xylem in stems transports sugars and other organic materials.
False
50
A leaf's mesophyll is divided into the palisade and spongy layers.
True
51
The pericycle in roots is responsible for the initiation of lateral roots.
True
52
The cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells.
True
53
The cuticle layer on a leaf prevents water loss.
True
54
The palisade layer contains the most chloroplasts in a leaf.
True
55
Dicot leaves typically have vascular bundles arranged in parallel lines.
False
56
Chloroplasts are responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells.
False
57
Transpiration occurs only during the day.
False
58
Monocots have parallel leaf venation, while dicots have net-like venation.
True
59
Tendrils are modified stems that help plants climb and support themselves.
True
60
Phloem tissue in stems moves water upward to the leaves.
False
60
The xylem transports water and minerals.
True
61
The root cap protects the growing tip of the root and helps it penetrate the soil.
True
62
The plasma membrane controls the movement of materials into and out of the plant cell.
True
63
Root cortex primarily functions to store starch in roots.
True
63
Plastids are a group of organelles in plant cells that include chloroplasts.
True
64
The Casparian strip regulates water movement into the vascular tissue of roots.
True
65
The pith is located in the central part of a stem and serves as a storage tissue.
True
65
The Golgi apparatus in plant cells packages and modifies proteins and lipids for transport.
True
66
Root hairs are responsible for nutrient absorption in plant roots.
True
67
Generally speaking, all plants have the same type of vascular tissues in their stems.
True
68
Spines in cacti are modified leaves that reduce water loss.
True
69
The endodermis is the outermost layer of cells in the root that absorbs water directly from the soil.
False
70
Fibrous roots are characteristic of monocots.
True
71
Stolon, tubers and bulbs are modified stems.
True
72
Mitochondria are involved in photosynthesis in plant cells.
False
73
The vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.
True
74
The function of stomata is to control gas exchange and water loss in leaves.
True
75
The nucleus in a plant cell is responsible for storing water and nutrients.
False
76
The cytoplasm in plant cells is responsible for housing all organelles and facilitating intracellular processes.
True
77
The pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower.
True
78
The cork cambium produces new roots in plants.
False
79
Primary growth occurs only at the tips of roots and shoots, leading to an increase in plant height.
True
80
Primary growth in plants results in an increase in length through the activity of apical meristems.
True
81
Flowers develop from vegetative buds in most plants.
False
82
The terminal bud is located at the base of the plant and contributes to lateral growth.
False
83
Flowering is controlled by photoperiod, temperature, and plant age.
True
84
Cell division is the dominant process in the early stages of fruit development.
True
85
Bees are commonly used to aid in cross-pollination.
True
86
Vascular cambium arises between the primary xylem and phloem in plants.
True
87
Secondary growth in roots and stems occurs only in herbaceous plants.
False
87
Secondary growth is responsible for the formation of new leaves and flowers in plants.
False
88
Thinning is a horticultural technique used to reduce fruit size.
True
89
Bud differentiation involves the formation of leaves, flowers, or new shoots from meristematic cells.
True
90
Bud differentiation determines whether a bud will develop into a leaf, flower, or shoot, depending on environmental and other factors.
True
91
The style is the long, slender part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary.
True
92
Secondary growth in plants increases the plant's height.
False
93
Sugar accumulation is part of physiological changes during fruit development.
True
94
The cambium is responsible for producing the outer protective bark in woody plants.
true
95
Photoperiod affects both flowering and dormancy.
true
96
Only plants that are angiosperms (flowering plants) can produce fruits.
True
97
The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
True
98
Dormancy is a period of metabolic inactivity or minimal growth.
True
99
Petals are primarily responsible for attracting pollinators.
True
100
Chilling requirements refer to periods of high temperature necessary for bud break.
False
101
Lateral buds are responsible for branching and the formation of new shoots.
True
102
The color change in fruit is typically a sign of the ripening process.
True
103
Maturation and ripening are different processes. Maturation is the fruit reaching full size, while ripening involves changes in flavor, texture, and color.
True
104
A fruit’s primary function is to aid in the dispersal of seeds to help ensure the plant’s reproduction.
True
105
Ripening is a stage in fruit development where the fruit becomes more palatable and aromatic.
True
106
In woody plants, secondary growth can produce annual growth rings visible in cross-sections of stems.
True
107
The vascular cambium produces both secondary xylem and secondary phloem during secondary growth.
True
108
The cambium is active throughout the plant's life cycle and continuously adds new growth rings.
True
109
The growth of secondary xylem results in the thickening of the bark in plants.
False
110
Pruning encourages uniform bud break.
True
111
The cork cambium forms a protective outer layer in plants, often called the periderm.
True
112
Primary growth results from the activity of lateral meristems.
False
113
Maturation refers to the process where a fruit reaches its full size and is ready for ripening.
True
114
The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
True
115
The ovary of a flower contains the ovules, which develop into seeds.
True
116
Carbon dioxide is an input of photosynthesis.
True
117
Glycolysis takes place in the chloroplasts.
False
118
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria.
True
119
C4 and CAM pathways are adaptations to reduce photorespiration.
True
120
ATP and NADPH are products of the Calvin cycle.
False
121
The main product of photosynthesis is oxygen.
False
122
C4 plants thrive better in high temperatures compared to C3 plants.
True
123
One molecule of glucose can produce more than 30 ATP in cellular respiration.
True
124
Chlorophyll absorbs green light most efficiently.
False
125
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
True
126
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants.
False
127
Plant respiration rates decrease significantly during the night because photosynthesis stops.
False
128
During cellular respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
True
129
Glucose produced in photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration.
true
129
The Calvin cycle is a light-dependent reaction.
False
130
The CAM pathway is highly efficient in energy production but requires high water availability.
False
131
Respiration occurs in all cells, including at night when photosynthesis stops.
True
132
NADH and FADH₂ are electron carriers involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
true
133
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from water.
true
134
ATP is generated during glycolysis without the involvement of oxygen.
True
135
The Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
True
136
The Calvin cycle directly produces ATP for cellular respiration.
False
137
Water is a by-product of photosynthesis.
False
138
The photosynthesis equation includes the conversion of light energy into chemical energy
True
139
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
true
140
Photorespiration increases the efficiency of cellular respiration in C3 plants.
False
141
CAM plants fix CO₂ at night to reduce water loss.
True
142
Temperature has no effect on photosynthesis.
False
143
C4 plants minimize photorespiration by spatially separating CO₂ fixation and the Calvin cycle.
True
144
The C3 pathway is more efficient than the C4 pathway under hot and dry conditions.
False
145
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
True
