Exam 3

Question 1

Sandy soils have a low water holding capacity and drain quickly.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A high VPD indicates reduced transpiration and less water stress on plants.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Any form of water, liquid or solid, falling from the atmosphere to the ground is called precipitation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Waterlogging can lead to oxygen deficiency in roots and increase disease risk.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Saturation occurs when all the soil pores are filled with air.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

RH is the percentage of water vapor relative to the air’s maximum holding capacity at a given temperature.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Excess precipitation can lead to waterlogging, while insufficient precipitation can cause drought stress.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Field capacity refers to the amount of water remaining in the soil after it has drained of excess water.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Either water-logging and drought stress can lead to poor yield.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

High relative humidity (RH) increases plant transpiration rates.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

Loam is the ideal soil type for horticulture due to its balanced properties.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The wilting point is the minimum soil moisture required for a plant to prevent wilting.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Low RH can lead to increased water loss from plants.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Precipitation includes only rain and snow.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Water is essential for plant growth and photosynthesis.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

VPD represents the “pressure” that air puts on the plant to transpire and move air from the roots through the plant and out the stomata in their leaves.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Clay soils have a high water holding capacity but drain slowly.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Drought stress can cause reduced photosynthesis and wilting in plants.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Tomato production benefits from high VPD conditions during the summer.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Precipitation is the only factor that affects soil water content.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Thermal dissipation probes are used to measure sap flow in plant stems.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

In Texas, tomato crops have a mid-season Kc value of approximately 1.15.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Water potential is the potential energy of water in a system.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The formula for calculating ETc is ETc = ETo ÷ Kc.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Drip irrigation is prone to clogging and requires regular maintenance.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Furrow irrigation is a type of surface irrigation.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Sap flow is constant in all plants, regardless of environmental conditions.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

All irrigation systems are equally effective for every crop and soil type.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and precipitation.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

If the reference ET (ET0) for a location in Texas is 0.25 inches/day and the crop coefficient (Kc) for tomatoes at the mid-growth stage is 1.15, calculate the crop ET.

Answer 30

ET = 0.2875 inches/day

Question 31

Cavitation only occurs in the xylem during extreme drought conditions.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Crop coefficient (Kc) changes depending on the crop's growth stage.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Subsurface irrigation systems are the cheapest option for farmers.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

In dry environments, plants close their stomata to conserve water.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Cavitation refers to the formation of air bubbles in xylem vessels, disrupting water flow.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Surface irrigation efficiency can reach up to 95%.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

If the irrigation system efficiency is 80% and the tomato crop requires 8,146 gallons per day, how much water must be applied to meet the requirement?

Answer 37

10,182.5 gallons/day

Question 38

Stomatal opening allows water to enter the leaf from the atmosphere.

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Evaporation is water loss through plant stomata.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

ET is critical for determining when and how much to irrigate.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

The pressure potential in plant cells is always negative.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

ET calculations require both environmental and crop-specific factors.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Water potential is a key factor in determining the direction of water movement in plants.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

If the Kc for tomatoes is 0.4 in the initial stage and the ET0 is 0.2 inches/day, calculate the ET for this stage.

Answer 44

0.08 inches/day

Question 45

Gravitational potential is the water potential due to the pull of gravity on water.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

The pressure bomb (Scholander pressure chamber) measures leaf water potential.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Water potential is the measure of the potential energy of water in a system, determining the direction in which water will move.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Soil texture does not affect the efficiency of irrigation systems.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

Advances in irrigation technology, such as AI, help predict water needs more accurately.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Sprinkler irrigation can be affected by wind, causing uneven distribution.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Soil water potential becomes less negative as water content decreases in soil.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Transpiration helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

An irrigation system’s efficiency does not affect the total water applied to a field.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

ET-based irrigation scheduling helps minimize water wastage.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Water moves through plants via cohesion and adhesion in xylem vessels.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

During the peak water use period, the ET0 is 0.3 inches/day, and the Kc for tomatoes is 1.2. Calculate the daily ET.

Answer 57

0.36 inches/day

Question 58

Stomata are involved in both gas exchange and water loss from the plant.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Xylem sap is composed of primarily water with dissolved minerals and nutrients.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Smart irrigation systems use IoT sensors to collect real-time ET data.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum states that plant growth is determined by the most abundant nutrient.

Answer 61

False

Question 62

Hydroponic systems are only suitable for growing leafy greens.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

The USDA Soil Taxonomy classifies soils into 12 major orders.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Clay soils tend to retain moisture but may suffer from poor drainage.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Soil bulk density is higher in compacted soils.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Soils with high cation exchange capacity (CEC) hold fewer nutrients.

Answer 66

False

Question 67

Deep Water Culture systems require plant roots to be submerged in a nutrient solution.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Clay soils tend to have a low CEC and poor water retention.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

Loamy soil is generally considered the best for plant growth due to its balanced properties.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Soil horizons develop through processes such as weathering, leaching, and organic matter accumulation.

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Soils with high porosity tend to have poor drainage.

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Micropores are smaller than 0.000079 inches (0.008 mm) and hold water tightly.

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Leafy greens like lettuce and spinach are well-suited for hydroponic cultivation.

Answer 73

True

Question 74

Soil formation is primarily influenced by five factors: parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time.

Answer 74

True

Question 75

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in soil with reduced water input.

Answer 75

False

Question 76

Silty soils hold more moisture than sandy soils.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Aeroponics is a hydroponic system where plant roots grow in sand.

Answer 77

False

Question 78

Sand particles are smaller than clay particles.

Answer 78

False

Question 79

Soil texture is determined by the proportion of sand, silt, and clay.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

Saline soils are beneficial for most crop plants.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

Sandy soils are typically well-drained but have low nutrient-holding capacity.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Soil erosion is mainly caused by wind and water movement.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Soils with high cation exchange capacity (CEC) hold fewer nutrients.

Answer 83

False

Question 84

Sandy soils have high nutrient-holding capacity.

Answer 84

False

Question 85

Nitrogen (N) is essential for chlorophyll and amino acid synthesis.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

Clay soils tend to have better drainage than sandy soils.

Answer 86

False

Question 87

Climate has little impact on the rate of soil formation.

Answer 87

False

Question 88

Drip hydroponics delivers nutrients through drip irrigation to plant roots.

Answer 88

True

Question 89

Tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers can all be grown hydroponically.

Answer 89

True

Question 90

Phosphorus (P) is mainly responsible for regulating water balance in plants.

Answer 90

False

Question 91

Vertical farming allows crops to be grown in multiple layers using artificial lighting.

Answer 91

True

Question 92

Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates.

Answer 92

True

Question 93

A soil with equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay is classified as sandy loam.

Answer 93

False

Question 94

Silt particles are smaller than sand but larger than clay.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

Parent material refers to the organic matter content in the topsoil layer.

Answer 95

False

Question 96

Soil pH affects nutrient availability for plants.

Answer 96

True

Question 97

Potassium (K) plays a key role in enzyme activation and water balance.

Answer 97

True

Question 98

Alkaline soils (pH > 7.5) may limit the availability of iron and phosphorus.

Answer 98

True

Question 99

Macropores allow for better air and water movement than micropores.

Answer 99

True

Question 100

Calcium (Ca) is crucial for strengthening cell walls.

Answer 100

True