Exam #1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What’s the definitions of the word: Geography?
A
Geo=Earth graph=to write
2
Q
What’s the definition of human geography?
A
The study of how people interact with each other and their environment.
3
Q
What are the themes of geography?
A
location, place, region, movement, human-environment interaction
4
Q
What is longitude?
A
Angular distance of a location east
or west of a designated prime meridian,
measured in degrees, minutes, and
seconds.
5
Q
What is latitude?
A
Angular distance of a location
north or south of the equator, measured in
degrees, minutes, and seconds
6
Q
What is site?
A
A concept of absolute location, describes
a place by reference to characteristics
at the location of the place itself, such
as local landforms, climate, ethnicity of
residents, and other physical or cultural
characteristics.
7
Q
What is situation?
A
A concept of relative location,
describes a place by reference to
characteristics that derive from the place’s
location relative to other places or the
larger regional or spatial system of which
it is a part.
8
Q
What is the New Orleans example?
A
Site: New Orleans’ site was at 30o North, 90o West and it was swampy, and flood-prone.
Situation:he reason a city was built and prospered there was its situation which was at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the largest river basin in North America, the gateway to the continental interior, and a system that drained 41% of the U.S. lower 48 states and connected to many other major rivers including the Ohio and Missouri.
9
Q
What is absolute distance?
A
The physical separation between two
places measured on a standard unit of
length (e.g., miles or kilometers).
10
Q
What is relative distance?
A
A transformation of absolute
distance into such relative measures as time
or monetary costs. (psychological distance, travel time)
11
Q
What is absolute location?
A
The position of a feature or place
expressed in spatial coordinates of a grid
system designed for locational purposes.
12
Q
What is relative location?
A
The position of a place
or activity in relation to other places or
activities
13
Q
What are mental maps? How are they used by geographers? How do we interpret them?
A
-the set of mental
representations people hold in their mind
that expresses their beliefs and knowledge
about the layout of the environment at
different scales
-Used in Wayfinding, elicited with sketch maps
-We interpret them:
*Everyday life-world
*Place stereotypes
*Place preferences
14
Q
What are place and what does it need?
A
A location made meaningful through the interweaving of
1. material setting (natural and cultural)
2. social setting
3. meaning/memories
15
Q
What creates a “sense of place”?
A
- Memory-shared experiences
-Places of importance
-Events, festivals, etc
-Weather, seasons, scents - Shared way of Life: genre de vie
3.Representations in literature, film, television
16
Q
How is place different than space?
A
Space
-Absolute location, distance, distribution, pattern, extent
-Measurable, objective
-Analysis
Place
-Objective: buildings, streets, vegetation, climate, economy
-Subjective: experiences, memories, feelings, values
-Love of place- topophila
-Synthesis-understanding
17
Q
What are administrative regions?
A
Geographic region created by law, treaty, or regulation
18
Q
What are thematic region?
A
Geographic region based on the pattern of one or more objectively measurable themes or properties
19
Q
What are functional region?
A
An area organized around a node or focal point characterized by a good or service provided
20
Q
What are perceptual region?
A
Highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape.
21
Q
What is culture?
A
- A way of life: A set of artifacts, skills, activities, values, meaning
-Culture is a shared set of meaning that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life
-A group’s shared patterns of leaned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge - Culture is learned not genetic
22
Q
Why should Christians care about culture?
A
Gen 2:15: God, took the person and put him in the garden of Eden to cultivate and care for it
-Cultivate and culture share common etymological roots. To cultivate is to choose what to nurture and what to eliminate from one’s garden
Gen 2:19: So the LORD God formed from the ground all the wild animals and all the birds of the sky, He brought them to the man to see what he would call them, and the man chose a name for each one
-Naming involves paying attention, classification, and taxonomy, in other words learning, language, and science.
23
Q
What are the three cultural subsystems?
A
Ideological, technological, sociological
24
Q
What are artifacts?
A
.A material manifestation of
culture, including tools, housing, systems
of land use, clothing, and the like. An
element in the technological (things) subsystem of culture.
25
What are mentifacts?
A central element of a culture
expressing its values and beliefs, including
language, religion, folklore, artistic
traditions, and the like. An element in the
ideological (ideas) subsystem of culture.
26
What are sociofacts
A rule, custom, or institution
that links individuals and groups as part
of a culture, including family structure
and political, educational, and religious
institutions. An element in the sociological (relationships)
subsystem of culture.
27
What are Cultural Hearths?
A nuclear area within which
an advanced and distinctive set of culture
traits, ideas, and technologies develops
and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural landscape
features they imply.
28
What are Culture Trait?
A group’s shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge
29
What are Culture Region?
an area that shares a large number of culture traits
30
What are Culture Realm?
Groupings of culture regions based on broad culture similarities
31
What are Culture Complexes?
Integrated/Intertwined sets of cultural traits
Ex:
-Cattle in Masai society
-Cars in U.S. Society
A related set of culture traits
descriptive of one aspect of a society’s
behavior or activity. Culture complexes may
be as basic as those associated with food
preparation, serving, and consumption, or as
involved as those associated with religious
beliefs or business practices.
32
What are the hearths of coffee?
East/Africa/Ethiopian Highlands
33
What are the hearths of potato?
Andean Uplands of South America
34
What are the hearths of Maize (corn)?
Meso-America
35
What is Modern Placelessness?
The loss of locally distinctive
characteristics and identity and
replacement by standardized landscapes.
U of Toronto geographer Edward Relph bemoaned these changes, arguing that they had rendered North America placeless. Remember a place is a location with a physical setting, social setting, and memories/experiences/feelings. Well, now the physical settings were all the same, the same McDonalds and Taco Bell architecture, the social dynamics were the same with corporate mandated formulaic behaviors at the stores, and the history and memories of what came before were erased in a sea of sameness (or so Relph said).
36
What is Globalization?
A reference to the increasing
interconnection of all parts of the world
as the full range of social, cultural,
political, and economic processes becomes
international in scale and effect. One result
of space-time compression.
37
What is space-time compression?
Expressions of the extent to
which improvements in transportation and
communication have reduced the friction
of distance and permitted, for example, the
very rapid diffusion of ideas across space.
Globalization depends in part on space-
time compression.
38
What are the 3 technologies have brought the world closer together?
Jet airplanes
Cargo container shipping
High-Speed Internet
39
How did the adoption of the automobile in U.S. society have implications for all three subsystems of U.S. culture?
Technological: Motels
Sociological: Road trips
Ideological: More expensive car=rich=prestige
40
How do the different subsystems of culture come into play in the drop in birth rates during the Demographic Transition?
Technological: The pill
Sociological: Getting married later
Ideological: Work life more important
41
What is expansion diffusion?
The spread of ideas,
behaviors, or other culture traits from one
place to another through direct or indirect
contact and exchange of information; the
diffusion increases the number of people
or cultural groups practicing the trait while
leaving the trait intact or intensified in its
area of origin.
42
What is Contagious diffusion?
A pattern of diffusion
in which cultural innovations spread
to closer places before they spread to
further places (it reflects distance decay).
Contagious expansion diffusion typically
results from direct contact between actual
and potential adopters of the innovation,
in a manner analogous to the spread of
contagious diseases.
43
What is hierarchical diffusion?
A pattern of diffusion
in which cultural innovations spread
by “jumping” between places of more
importance (such as larger cities) before
they spread to places of less importance;
reverse hierarchical diffusion from less
important to more important places occurs
less often.
44
What is relocation diffusion?
The transport of ideas,
behaviors, or articles from one place to
another through the migration of those
possessing the feature transported.
45
What is distance decay?
The declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance
from its point of origin.
46
What are the principles of spatial interaction: Complementarity?
The actual or potential
relationship of two places or regions that
each produce different goods or services
for which the other has an effective
demand, resulting in an exchange between
the locales.
Ex:The flow of seasonal fruits and vegetables from California’s
Imperial Valley to the urban markets of the American Midwest
and East
47
What are the principles of spatial interaction: Transferability?
Acceptable costs of a spatial
exchange; the cost of moving a commodity
relative to the ability of the commodity to
bear that cost.
Ex: why we don’t tow icebergs from the arctic to Saudi Arabia
48
What are the principles of spatial interaction: Intervening opportunities?
The concept that
closer opportunities will materially reduce
the attractiveness of interaction with more
distant—even slightly better—alternatives;
a closer alternative source of supply
between a demand point and the original
source of supply.
49
What are the principles of Spatial interaction?
Complementarity, Transferability, and intervening opportunities
50
What is friction of distance?
A measure of the
retarding or restricting effect of distance on
spatial interaction. Generally, the greater
the distance, the greater the “friction” and
the less the interaction, or the greater the
cost of achieving the interaction.
51
What technologies conquered distance?
1. Jet airplanes
2. Cargo container shipping
3. High-Speed Internet
52
What is Gravity Model?
A mathematical prediction
of the interaction between two places as
a function of their size (or other measure
of attractiveness to interaction) and some
measure of the distance separating them.
Gravitational Model of Spatial Interaction between locations 1 & 2
I = K (P1 * P2)/D2
Where:
I = # of interactions K = constant
P = populations of 1, 2 D = distance 1 to 2
53
What is awareness space?
Locations or places about
which an individual has knowledge even
without visiting all of them; includes
activity space and additional areas newly
encountered or about which one acquires
information.
54
What is activity space?
The area within which
people move freely on their typical
rounds of regular activity (not unusual
exceptions).
55
What is territoriality?
An individual or group attempt
to identify and establish control over a
defined territory considered partially or
wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior
associated with the defense of the home
territory.
56
What is personal space?
An invisible, usually
irregular area around a person into which
he or she does not willingly admit others.
The sense (and extent) of personal space is
a situational and cultural variable.
57
What are natural hazards?
A process or event in the
natural environment that has consequences
harmful to humans. Natural Hazards are not completly “natural” but are the result of a hazardous environment combined with unwise land uses, due to ignorance, poverty, lax urban planning, denial, or moral hazards.
58
What are human responses to natural hazards?
-Deny or denigrate it’s existence: “It can’t happen here”
-Deny or denigrate its recurrence: It’s a freak of nature
-Make it determinate and knowable: “Floods come every five years”
-Transfer Uncertainty to a higher power: It’s in the hands of God
59
What are the 3 types of migrations?
1.Forced
2.Reluctant
3.Voluntary
60
What is forced migration?
When people are
compelled by someone or some event to
relocate their residence.
61
What is reluctant migration?
When people relocate
their residence (migrate) somewhat
involuntarily.
62
What is voluntary migration?
When people relocate
their residence by free choice, without
being forced or compelled.
63
What is the main and second reason for voluntary migration?
1. Economics
2.Amenities
64
What are the two factors of migration?
1.Push factors
2. Pull factors
65
What is push factors?
Origin makes them move
66
What are pull factors?
Destination makes them move
67
What are barriers?
A geographic feature that impedes
spatial interaction, either by blocking it
totally, slowing it down, or redirecting it.
Barriers may be physical, socio-cultural,
or psychological.
68
The age in the life cycle that is most likely to move is?
Young adults
69
Most migration is from what to what?
Rural to urban
70
Most long-distance migrants end up in what cities?
Large cities
71
Gravity model predicts migrations based on what and what?
Population size of destination and distance
72
Chain migration is based on what?
Personal connections
73
What is Ravenstein’s law of migration?
1. most migrants go only a short distance. 2. longer-distance migration favors big city destinations. 3. most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. most migration is rural to urban. 5. each migration flow produces a counterflow. 6. most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. most international migrants are young males.
74
What is chain migration?
The process by which
migration movements from a common
home area to a specific destination are
sustained by links of friendship or kinship
between first movers and later followers.
75
How do migration patterns change over the life cycle from youth to old age?
You move when you are a young adult and then move back home when you get older.
76
How does the friction of distance shape spatial interactions?
The farther the thing is the less you frequent that thing
77
What an example of expansion diffusion?
Walmart started in Arkansas and then spread outwards
78
What an example of contagious diffusion?
Diseases like Covid and Black Death
79
What an example of hierarchical diffusion?
Fashion trends jump from milan to paris to london to New york to LA to Tokyo to Hong Kong
80
What is an example of relocation diffusion?
-Borrow Words-Banana, Bango
-Agricultural skills-Rice cultivation
-Music and Dance
81
Illustrate chain migration with an example of your own?
Chain migration in which why I went to Calvin
82
An example of. most migrants go only a short distance
South America
83
longer-distance migration favors big city destinations
NY/LA
84
most migration proceeds step-by-step
Goes from one city to another
85
most migration is rural to urban
American dream
86
each migration flow produces a counterflow
Failed migration
87
most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves
Takes a lot to travel
88
What elements are natural and what is cultural in a natural disaster event?
Cultural: Hotels and places like Hilton Head close to the ocean
Natural: Floods
89
What is a cohort?
Population group specified by age, date of hire, or date of graduation
90
What is the population views of Malthus?
writing when world population hit 1 billion, worried about population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly.
91
What is the population views of neo-Malthusians (Ehrlich)?
writing during peak growth of world population, warned of a population bomb destrying the environment.
92
What are the views of cornucopians?
even if the population grows significantly, humans will always be able to find new and innovative ways to produce food and use resources.
93
What is crude birth rate?
The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.
94
What is crude death rate?
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people
95
What is natural increase rate?
The difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country.
96
What is infant mortality rate?
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
97
What is total fertility rate?
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
98
What is ecumene?
That part of the Earth’s surface
physically suitable for permanent human settlement; the permanently inhabited
areas of the Earth.
99
What is replacement total fertility rate? What does it mean?
Thee average number of children a woman needs to have to ensure that a population replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically set at about 2.1 children per woman.
100
What is doubling time Rule of 70?
The Rule of 70 is a method used to estimate the time it takes for a quantity to double by dividing 70 by the growth rate percentage
101
What is the formula for rule of 70?
(CBR-CDR+NMR)/10=%
70/%=ANSWER
102
What is Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model?
High Death and High Birth Rates
Shorter life expectancy
b/c:
Famine
Plagues
Pestilence
High Infant Mortality
Low Life Expectancy
Many unmarried women
103
What is Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model?
--High births
Cultural expectations for large families have not changed
-- Declining deaths
Infectious disease control/Vaccination
Deliveries attended by medical personnel
Sanitation & Clean water
Agricultural improvements/Food Transport
Industrialization/Urbanization
--Healthcare is forming
--Industrialization has begun
-- natural increase rate has increased
104
What is Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Model?
-CBR drops sharply
Adjustment of cultural norms
Children survive to adulthood
Children are no longer workers
Welfare state rather than family for elderly care
Children are expensive in urban settings
Urban lifestyle expectations
-CDR continues to fall slowly, population continues to grow, people have fewer children, economic changes
105
What is Stage 4 of Demographic Transition Model?
very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease
106
What is Stage 5 of Demographic Transition Model?
Birth Rate lower than death rate
Death rate higher than birth rate
Majority or significant proportion of the population is in the 65+ age group
107
Draw the Demographic Transition Model
See phone picture
108
Global Distribution of population—4 major centers of world population—why there?
1. East Asia
- ¼ of world population
2. South Asia
- bounded by the Himalayas and desert in Pakistan
3. Europe
- highly urban; many mid-sized cities
4. North America’s East Coast megalopolis
- Boston-Washington Corridor
- 52 million people
- 17% of U.S. Population on 2% of Land
109
Different ways to measure density, which are the most dense countries by each measure
1. Crude Population Density: Persons/Total Area (INDIA)
2.Physiological Density: Persons/Arable Land Area (EGYPT)
3. Agricultural Density: Rural Population,Arable/Land area (Southeast China)
110
Demographic Momentum Concept
The tendency for population
growth to continue despite rapid changes
to fertility rates (such as due to stringent
family planning programs) because of a
relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
Ex: Baby Boomers
111
HIV/AIDS and effects on life expectancies in Africa
HIV/AIDS has significantly reduced life expectancy in Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic has been most severe, causing a dramatic decline in life expectancy due to high rates of death from AIDS-related illnesses
112
Geographic patterns of infant mortality rates, fertility rates, and population growth
regions with higher infant mortality rates tend to have higher fertility rates, leading to potentially higher population growth, while areas with lower infant mortality rates usually have lower fertility rates and slower population growth
113
Be able to compare and contrast population issues in Europe, USA, China, and Africa
Europe: decreasing population
USA: decreasing population but has migration
China: Decreasing population because aging, more men, less women
Africa: Increasing population
114
What is dependency ration?
the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years
115
What is Sex Ratio?
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
116
What is the world Population
8.1 billion
117
What are the five larges countries in the world?
India, China, the United States, Indonesia, and Pakistan
118
5th stage in original demographic transition model: what challenges does it raise?
an aging population, where the death rate surpasses the birth rate, leading to a declining overall population, putting pressure on social security systems due to a smaller workforce supporting a larger elderly population, and potential economic issues related to shrinking labor force participation.
119
How do the demographic challenges of developed countries differ from those of Africa?
Africa is growing while developed countries are declining
120
What were the motivations, advantages and negative consequences of China’s One Child Policy?
- Decline the fertility rate
-advantages: Money, free contraceptives
-Negatives: agin, shrinking labor force, unbalanced sex ratio
121
According to Douthat, how are cultural factors related to the retreat from childbearing?
Beneath these policy debates, though, lie cultural forces that no legislator can really hope to change. The retreat from child rearing is, at some level, a symptom of late-modern exhaustion — a decadence that first arose in the West but now haunts rich societies around the globe. It’s a spirit that privileges the present over the future, chooses stagnation over innovation, prefers what already exists over what might be. It embraces the comforts and pleasures of modernity, while shrugging off the basic sacrifices that built our civilization in the first place.
122
How did China’s One Child Policy hurt females and imperil China’s national ambitions?
-Sex selective abortions
-Abandoned
123
Why is religion a factor in fertility rates?
Religion can be a factor in fertility rates because many religious traditions place a strong emphasis on family life, often encouraging larger families and sometimes discouraging the use of contraception, leading individuals with stronger religious beliefs to have more children on average compared to those with less religious affiliation
124
Should we all rethink having children because of the threat of global climate change?
I think RD has a great point here but I’d counter that a lot of people don’t have as many children as they’d want for all kinds of complicated reasons besides individualism and decadence like housing costs, child-care costs, insurance costs. partner’s lack of commitment, lack of good examples, messed up families of origin, mental health, fear of climate change, etc.
125
Why are population policies controversial?
Target minorities
126
Is the world undergoing a population explosion or population implosion?
Implosion: because the world
127
Thematic map vs. Reference map
Thematic: specific-purpose map that shows the
distribution of one or a few themes or
variables, such as unemployment rates by
county.
Reference: A general-purpose map that
attempts to show geographic features such
as roads and landforms accurately and in
detail.
128
Choropleth
A thematic map that shows
the values of a quantitative variable for each
region by shading or coloring the regions to
correspond with the variable’s value.
129
Dot density distribution
A dot density map is a thematic map that uses dots to show how many things are in a given area
130
Graduated symbol
Maps that use circles
of different size to show the magnitude of
a variable of interest in different places;
the larger the circle, the greater the
magnitude of the variable
131
Isopleth
A map line connecting points of equal
value on some variable, such as elevation,
precipitation, or travel time
132
