Exam #2 Flashcards

Question

Ranking of largest religions by adherents

Answer 1

Christian, Islam, Hinduism, atheists, syncretic, Buddhism

Answer 2

Universal: A religion that claims global truth and applicability, regardless of ethnicity or culture group, and seeks the conversion of all humankind via proselytizing Ethnic: A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it. Such a religion does not seek converts (does not proselytize).

Answer 3

See picture from slideshow

Answer 4

2 South Asian Origin Faith Traditions: 1.Hinduism (ethnic & pantheistic) – 1 billion 2. Buddhism (universalizing) – 0.5 billion 3 Abrahamic Faith Traditions: 1.Judaism (ethnic) – 15 million 2.Christianity (universalizing) – 2.4 billion 3.Islam (universalizing) – 1.8 billion Secularism/Atheism/Communism/Nones (universalizing)

Answer 5

1.islam-europe, africa, western and southern asia -Arabian Origin—still dominates in its hearth -hierarchical during conquests of N. Africa, Spain, W. Africa Relocation diffusion today with global migrations Growing faster than Christianity, largely due to Natural Increase 2nd largest religion in world Could be world’s largest religion by mid-century 2.christianity-europe, south africa, russia, N and S america, australia, new zeland 3.judaism-europe, eastern europe, major cities in the US -15 million Jews worldwide 7 million in Israel 6 million in U.S. 0.45 million in France 0.4 million in Canada 4. Buddhism Hearth – Ganges River Valley Theravada – (Older, more conservative) Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia Mahayana – China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam East, Southeast, and Central Asia, with major concentrations in China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Mongolia. 5.Hinduism India and Nepal

Answer 6

1.Pray 5x/ day facing Mecca 2. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Answer 7

India (Hinduism and Islam) Israel/Palestine (Judaism and Islam)

Answer 8

islam-meca christianity- jeruselum/bethlahem judaism- jeruselum Hinduism: Gange River Buddhism: Life of the Buddha in NE India and Nepal

Answer 9

Judaism: Jewish Synagogue Architecture varies widely—fits local style, often modern Ark with scrolls Usually oriented towards Jerusalem (Talmud) Shabbat service—facing Jerusalem and facing sunset Eruv: an extension of home (string) terriotry on Sunday Islam: Mosque Qiblah—direction to pray (great circle route to Mecca) Gendered Space Location of mosques in non-Muslim countries Wherever population is centered Multi-Ethnic Space - united by common faith and prayers in Arabic

Answer 10

Judaism: Architecture varies widely—fits local style, often modern Ark with scrolls Usually oriented towards Jerusalem (Talmud) Shabbat service—facing Jerusalem and facing sunset Islam: Mosque Mosques range from elaborate, purpose-built mosques with domed roofs and minaret towers to converted offices or churches. They tend to be located close to where Muslims live because of the need to attend Friday prayers in person at specific times. Interiors feature a large, carpeted gathering space, usually with stripes angled perpendicular to qiblah, a podium for the imam. Interior space, in my experience with Midwest mosques, is always gendered. Typically, women pray in a room downstairs but in more progressive mosques at universities, women will pray in the back behind a screen. Christianity: -Megachruches: inspired by shopping malls Hindu: temples/festivals/shrines Buddhism: temple/hrine

Answer 11

places named after saints, religious leaders, religious places, etc

Answer 12

Most switching is from nominal Christianity to non-affiliated

Answer 13

Lutherans: Upper Midwest Reformed: West MI/Iowa LDS: Utah Baptist: South Catholics: Everyone else/ Southern Tx

Answer 14

Race refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair, or eye color. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language.

Answer 15

1st Wave: Before Civil War British: oldest stock, majority culture African Slaves - forced migration Dutch & Germans: grabbed best farmland of PA, Midwest French, Quebec, Canada & S. Louisiana (Arcadians –Cajuns) Irish-Potato Famine (1845-1852) = 1.5 M immigrants to U.S. (NYC, Boston) 2nd Wave: End of Civil War to Immigrant Exclusion Act (1921) 2a: Danes, Swedes, Norwegians grabbed last available farmland in Great Plains 2b: Finns, E. Europeans, S. Europeans went to forests, mines, factories, cities 3rd Wave (1965-today) Post-1965 Immigration Reform Act

Answer 16

A United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, according to the Census of 1890, and banned immigration of Asians. The law was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s, as well as prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians. These efforts were due in part to keep America a Protestant country.

Answer 17

eliminated national origins as a criterion for admission. More Asian and Latin America

Answer 18

Traditional Chinatown Landscape: Vancouver, BC New Glarus, Wisconsin (Swiss Heritage) Holland MI Frankenmuth, MI

Answer 19

The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers.

Answer 20

Could look like Hawaii 25% of Hawaiians are multiracial (2020) 40% of Hawaiian babies are multiracial Largest multiracial group in Hawaii is: White/Pacific Islander/Asian (99,000 in HI)

Answer 21

enclave= choice ghetto= forced

Answer 22

A racial housing covenant was a clause inserted into property deeds or neighborhood contracts that prohibited the sale, lease, or transfer of property to individuals of certain races or ethnicities, most often African Americans, but also Jewish, Mexican, Asian, and other non-white group Redlining refers to the practice where banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions used color-coded maps to categorize neighborhoods based on the perceived risk of insuring or lending to properties in those areas. The practice was widespread in the mid-20th century and systematically targeted Black and immigrant communities.

Answer 23

1. Fair Housing Act of 1968 Prohibited discrimination in housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability. Banned redlining and racial housing covenants 2. Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) Supreme Court ruled racial housing covenants unenforceable in state courts. Helped limit legal segregation in housing. 3. Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968) Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1866, prohibiting racial discrimination in property sales. Strengthened Black Americans' right to buy and rent homes.

Answer 24

A suburban ethnic neighborhood, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigration populations A politically independent suburban community with a significant, though not exclusive, concentration of a single ethnic group

Answer 25

Origin: The term "ghetto" originally referred to the area in Venice where Jews were forced to live in the 16th century. Evolved Meaning: Over time, it expanded to describe poor, segregated urban areas where minority groups, particularly African Americans, were confined due to social, economic, and legal pressures. Housing Discrimination: In the 20th century, practices like redlining, racial housing covenants, and segregation laws forced minority groups, especially African Americans, into specific neighborhoods, contributing to the development of ghettos. Impact: These discriminatory practices led to poverty, lack of resources, and limited opportunities in these areas, reinforcing racial and socioeconomic segregation in cities.

Answer 26

Acculturation: -Adopt host society speech, dress, attitudes, values -Still identify with ethnic group -Ethnic festivals, foods, occupational niches Assimilation: Behavioral Assimilation Shared experiences Common behaviors Intermarriage Shared values Structural Assimilation Full integration into politics, all occupations Spatial Assimilation Live in all neighborhoods

Answer 27

Lumpty Stew: -Broth= common identity -Elements= still have identity but edges softer and they add flavor from each other

Answer 28

Melting pot= mixed/distributed/homogenous/ uniformed/ all become one

Answer 29

Alaska/Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico

Answer 30

Folk Culture: culture traits that are traditional, no longer widely practiced by a large amount of people, and generally isolated in small, often rural, areas Popular Culture: aspects of a culture that are widespread, fast-changing, and transmitted by the mass media

Answer 31

Music-LA Film-LA Art-NYC Fashion-Tokyo/Paris/Milan

Answer 32

handmade and homemade are valued, houses are made without architectural consultation or a blueprint, self-reliant economies, limited tech, subsistence based, particularly responsive to physical environmental circumstances(ex local product, foods, herbs).

Answer 33

The adaptation of globalized products to local tastes and contexts.

Answer 34

A social movement advocating a return to local products, locally owned businesses, and locally controlled institutions in reaction against mass popular culture and globalization.

Answer 35

figure 7.19

Answer 36

A system of property description and surveying using natural features (streams, rocks, trees, etc.) to trace and define the boundaries of individual parcels.

Answer 37

a land division system, originating from the seigneurial system used by the French in their colonial territories, characterized by long, narrow strips of land extending back from a riverbank or road, designed for efficient access to transportation and resources. Draw picture

Answer 38

The Spanish Rancho land survey system granted large tracts of land to soldiers, influential figures, and settlers as rewards for service or to encourage settlement in Spanish colonies, particularly in California. These grants, often spanning thousands of acres, laid the foundation for the state's ranching economy and influenced the development of modern towns and cities.

Answer 39

A rectangular survey system adopted in the Land Ordinance of 1785 and used to divide land over much of the United States from Ohio to the West Coast. The PLSS creates a checkerboard township and range pattern, dividing land into square townships six miles on a side. Townships are further subdivided into 36 sections of land with each section one mile on a side.

Answer 40

Mennonites vs. English: -Mennonites: Mennonites, particularly those who settled in North America, often followed a pattern of rural, agricultural communities. They preferred to settle in isolated, tight-knit villages where they could maintain their religious and cultural practices. Their settlements were generally organized around self-sustaining farms and were designed to foster communal living and religious devotion. -English: English settlers, particularly in the U.S. and Canada, often established towns and cities that grew along trade routes, rivers, and ports, emphasizing economic development, market-driven agriculture, and urbanization. Their settlements were more spread out and often designed with a focus on individual land ownership, rather than the communal emphasis of groups like the Mennonites. Canada vs. French: -Canada: In Canada, especially during British colonization, the settlement pattern was organized in grid systems (especially after the 19th century), focusing on agriculture and resource extraction. Settlements were often arranged along major roads or railways to facilitate access to trade and markets, and cities like Toronto and Vancouver grew around these hubs. -French: The French settled in long, narrow lots along waterways in the seigneurial system, particularly in areas like Quebec. This system provided access to water for transportation and irrigation, creating settlements with long, thin plots that extended from rivers into the land, ensuring equal access to resources for all settlers. The French system was more communal in nature, with a focus on shared resources and infrastructure.

Answer 41

See picture

Answer 42

Shotgun House

Answer 43

narrow and deep (Remember shotgun mean a pistol can go through the whole house)

Answer 44

-Increase airflow -French Long lots -Cheap

Answer 45

Rural: Wrap around miranda Urban: Charleston Single House-Multi-Story porch along entire depth of house, typically the south or west side

Answer 46

Long and rectangle/ house are next

Answer 47

Four Square chart and houses are apart

Answer 48

Individual farmers were granted strip holdings in the separate fields to be farmed in common with the other villagers. The farmsteads themselves, with elongated rear lots, were aligned along both sides of a single village street in an Old World pattern

Answer 49

I-House: The I house was adapted as the characteristic Charleston single house, turned side- ways with sun-blocking porches extending along the entire length of the house I house—a two-story structure one room deep, with two rooms on each floor.

Answer 50

Saltbox/Two Chimney/Cape cod/Front Gable and Wing/ Gambrel Roof (attic)

Answer 51

Adobe: characterized by their use of earth-colored stucco or adobe-brick walls, exposed timber beams, rounded edges, and often feature courtyards and flat roofs

Answer 52

Emphasis on order, symmetry During the colonial period in U.S.

Answer 53

Queen Victoria’s reign: 1837-1901 “Anything worth doing is worth overdoing” Asymmetrical, Romantic, Highly Decorated 3 Subtypes: Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne

Answer 54

Tudor Re- vival houses, which imitate the steeply pitched roofs and half-timbering of Medieval English houses, were popular during the early decades of the 20th century.

Answer 55

Less is More” “Ornament is Excrement” Context is irrelevant “A house is a machine for living” Masculine, Rational, Scientific

Answer 56

Ordinary Big lawn

Answer 57

Neo local Putting together everything Revival of New England

Answer 58

1) topography and vegetation 2) land divisions 3) economic uses & functions on the land 4) houses and other structures

Answer 59

The concept of a cultural landscape as a "palimpsest" means it's a layered, evolving entity, containing traces of past human activity and cultural influences, much like a parchment that has been written on multiple times, with earlier writings partially erased or obscured.

Exam #2 Flashcards

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