Final Exam Flashcards

Question

North American Manufacturing Belt

Answer 1

barge was the cheapest way to transport materials over long distances, has the best location for iron ore and coal to create steel

Answer 2

Loss of industrial activity in a region.

Answer 3

Advanced Services White collar Face-to-face interactions Downtown, Prestige Addesses Class A Buildings Law, accounting, consulting Finance, insurance, real estate Advertising Back-Office Services Pink collar Rarely meet client Suburban office parks Outsourced Insurance claims processing, payment center Call centers Repetitive work

Answer 4

1. Elite Tourism – 5 Star hotels, Regent Seven Seas Cruise Lines 2. Mass Tourism – Best Western, Holiday Inn, Carnival Cruise Lines 3. Classic Beach Tourism: Sun, Sea, & Sand 4. VFR: Visiting Friends and Relatives 5. Urban Tourism (museums, shows, restaurants) 6. Rural Tourism (agri-tainment, farm stays, artisanal foods, biking) 7. Assorted Niches: Sport, Sex, Heritage, Events 8. Ecotourism: Nature + Adventure + Education push factors are the internal motivations that drive a person to travel, like the desire for relaxation or adventure. Pull factors, on the other hand, are the characteristics of a destination that attract tourists, such as its natural beauty or cultural attractions

Answer 5

low wages/changing consumer tastes/alteration of destination

Answer 6

Rural landscapes that are particularly appealing to wealthy newcomers often feature natural amenities like scenic beauty, proximity to water, and a mix of forest and open land. Tensions in gentrifying rural places include rising housing costs and displacement of long-term residents, changes in the character of local businesses, and potential conflicts over resources and land use

Answer 7

Concentration of people with distinct way of life: -Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary economy -Economic specialization -Formal popular cultural activities -Socio-spatial sorting -Complexity -Faster pace

Answer 8

North America-87 Latin America and the Caribbean-86 Europe-82 Oceana-74 Asia-64 Africa-56

Answer 9

Metropolitan Area: statistical region that tries to capture the functional region using county boundaries Administrative region: he administrative boundary of a central city, often referred to as city limits or city boundaries, defines the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a city government

Answer 10

World Cities: Control global capitalist economy (e.g. New York & London) Mega-Cities: Largest urban regions > 10 million (e.g. Mexico City) Major Regional Cities (e.g. Detroit) Sub-Regional Centers (e.g. Grand Rapids) Towns, Villages, Hamlets  the most frequent, close together  small hinterlands (market areas) Commodity Exchanges Stock Exchanges Transnational Bank HQs Quaternary Sector Firms Fortune 500 Corporate Headquarters Advanced professional services: law, accounting, finance Arts, culture Consumption of luxury goods Ex: 2024 Wall Street end-of-year bonuses: $48 billion

Answer 11

Top two world cities: NY/ London Rising cities: Beijing/ Dubai/ Hong Kong/ Paris/ Shanghai/Singapore/ Tokyo

Answer 12

Mostly in Developing Countries Definition: over 10 million population Often not top tier world cities Dominant urban region within country Bangkok is 13x bigger than 2nd city

Answer 13

High-Skill Business Services & Quaternary Sector Workers Well-paid, Knowledge Workers Gentrifiers Favored Locations: Cities with lots of advanced tertiary & quaternary jobs Neighborhoods with historic architecture, consumption options, & cultural opportunities Urban gentrification in cities with creative class workers ~ advanced tertiary and quaternary sector jobs

Answer 14

Model created by E.W. Burgess that offered a concentric ring model of urban form in which the center circle is the central business district. Adjacent to it is a zone of transition which contained warehousing and other industrial land uses. This was followed by a ring of lower-income residential land use, followed by a ring of middle-and upper-income land use. You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them See Slides

Answer 15

The Sectoral Model, or Hoyt Model, explains urban structure by suggesting cities develop in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the center by a land feature, rather than concentric rings. These sectors, extending along transportation routes like railways and highways, are characterized by specific land uses, like industry or residential areas with varying income levels. The model also incorporates the Central Business District (CBD) as the core.

Answer 16

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place Suburban Business Districts "Edge Cities"

Answer 17

Walking: low skylines Transit: Central business district is most accessible location/ Streetcar-Era Automobile: The auto reduced the friction of distance/ Spread out city/ The center is less important/Vast, sprawling residential suburbs Digital cities: isolated/delivery

Answer 18

The Latin American urban structure model, also known as the Griffin-Ford model, is characterized by a central business district (CBD), a commercial spine, and surrounding residential zones that decline in quality with distance from the CBD. This model reflects colonial influences and highlights socioeconomic disparities within the city. It also incorporates elements of concentric zones and sector models, with the CBD serving as the central hub and a spine extending outwards, often with elite housing and amenities along it

Answer 19

lack durable housing lack sufficient space lack clean water lack sanitation lack secure tenure

Answer 20

Not measured in Government Statistics No taxes collected  no money for municipal services 1/3-2/3 of workers in developing world

Answer 21

Nation: an imagined community A group with a shared past and a common future Basis for shared past and future: language religion political identity history Examples: Hungarians, Croats, The Cree, Arabs, Turks

Answer 22

Functioning government Permanent population Defined territory—what kind of region is a state? Recognized by other states Sovereign over internal and foreign affairs Synonym: country

Answer 23

Nationalism: belief that a nation should be sovereign, i.e. determine its own affairs & have its own state Independence Movements: Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Former Yugoslavia Spain – Basque region and Catalonia United Kingdom – Wales and Scotland Canada United States

Answer 24

Compact: Efficient to Govern/Defend Prorupted: Large, projecting extension Elongated States: remote regions feel disenfranchised Fragmented States: hard to hold together Perforated States: hole inside  an enclave of another state Exclaves: hard to function in global economy—land-locked

Answer 25

exclave: An area of a country that can only be reached by traveling through another country enclave A small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction.

Answer 26

antecedent:A boundary line established before the area in question is well populated. subsequent: A boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that reflects the cultural characteristics of the bounded area. natural boundary: A boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers geometric: a political boundary defined by straight lines, often based on latitude or longitude

Answer 27

Borderland regions are geographic areas that straddle an international border or lie near a border, often characterized by unique cultural, social, and economic characteristics. These areas can be zones of conflict, migration, trade, and cultural exchange

Answer 28

International trade agreements, supranational organizations (UN, WHO, and EU)

Answer 29

Nationalism, independence movements, war, terrorism, border walls, temporary border controls within Schengen Region

Answer 30

Re-apportionment: adjusting the number of seats in House of Representatives assigned to each state so each member represents the same # of people Redistricting : redrawing district boundaries to be roughly equal in population Gerrymandering :creating irregular voting districts for partisan benefit or nefarious intent

Answer 31

Space -Absolute location, distance, distribution, pattern, extent -Measurable, objective -Analysis Place -Objective: buildings, streets, vegetation, climate, economy -Subjective: experiences, memories, feelings, values -Love of place- topophila -Synthesis-understanding

Answer 32

administrative-established by law/treaty/war, used to define states, countries, counties, etc. functional-has a node/center and a territory/hinterland where the service of the node is provided. formal-an area defined by distinct characteristics perceptual-based on accumulated knowledge

Answer 33

Geo=Earth graph=to write

Answer 34

- A way of life: A set of artifacts, skills, activities, values, meaning -Culture is a shared set of meaning that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life -A group’s shared patterns of leaned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge - Culture is learned not genetic

Answer 35

Ideological, technological, sociological

Answer 36

Expressions of the extent to which improvements in transportation and communication have reduced the friction of distance and permitted, for example, the very rapid diffusion of ideas across space. Globalization depends in part on space-time compression (Shrinking and speeding up)

Answer 37

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Answer 38

A social movement advocating a return to local products, locally owned businesses, and locally controlled institutions in reaction against mass popular culture and globalization.

Answer 39

A pattern of diffusion in which cultural innovations spread to closer places before they spread to further places (it reflects distance decay). Contagious expansion diffusion typically results from direct contact between actual and potential adopters of the innovation, in a manner analogous to the spread of contagious diseases.

Answer 40

A pattern of diffusion in which cultural innovations spread by “jumping” between places of more importance (such as larger cities) before they spread to places of less importance; reverse hierarchical diffusion from less important to more important places occurs less often.

Answer 41

The transport of ideas, behaviors, or articles from one place to another through the migration of those possessing the feature transported.

Answer 42

Push (origin makes them) and Pull (destination makes them)

Answer 43

When people are compelled by someone or some event to relocate their residence.

Answer 44

When people relocate their residence (migrate) somewhat involuntarily.

Answer 45

When people relocate their residence by free choice, without being forced or compelled.

Answer 46

The actual or potential relationship of two places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales. Ex:The flow of seasonal fruits and vegetables from California’s Imperial Valley to the urban markets of the American Midwest and East

Answer 47

Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost. Ex: why we don’t tow icebergs from the arctic to Saudi Arabia

Answer 48

The concept that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant—even slightly better—alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and the original source of supply.

Answer 49

The declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of origin.

Answer 50

A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction. Generally, the greater the distance, the greater the “friction” and the less the interaction, or the greater the cost of achieving the interaction.

Answer 51

1. most migrants go only a short distance. 2. longer-distance migration favors big city destinations. 3. most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. most migration is rural to urban. 5. each migration flow produces a counterflow. 6. most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. most international migrants are young males.

Answer 52

—language, religion, and ethnicity

Answer 53

the study of place names, changes in US place names because of racist words, and to add native american culture to place names

Answer 54

High Death and High Birth Rates Shorter life expectancy b/c: Famine Plagues Pestilence High Infant Mortality Low Life Expectancy Many unmarried women

Answer 55

--High births Cultural expectations for large families have not changed -- Declining deaths Infectious disease control/Vaccination Deliveries attended by medical personnel Sanitation & Clean water Agricultural improvements/Food Transport Industrialization/Urbanization --Healthcare is forming --Industrialization has begun -- natural increase rate has increased

Answer 56

-CBR drops sharply Adjustment of cultural norms Children survive to adulthood Children are no longer workers Welfare state rather than family for elderly care Children are expensive in urban settings Urban lifestyle expectations -CDR continues to fall slowly, population continues to grow, people have fewer children, economic changes

Answer 57

very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease

Answer 58

Birth Rate lower than death rate Death rate higher than birth rate Majority or significant proportion of the population is in the 65+ age group

Final Exam Flashcards

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