Exam 1

Question 1

Field that uses excavation of sites and analysis of material remains to investigate cultures that existed before the development of writing

Answer 1

Prehistoric Archaeology

Question 2

Field that investigates the past of literate peoples through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other material remains

Answer 2

Historic Archaeology

Question 3

Physical differences among human populations; an interest of physical anthropologists

Answer 3

Human Variation

Question 4

The specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the
biological evolution of the human species

Answer 4

Paleoanthropology

Question 5

The attitude or opinion that the
morals, values, and customs of one’s own
culture are superior to those of other peoples.

Answer 5

Ethnocentrism

Question 6

Collection of information from living people about their way of
life

Answer 6

Fieldwork

Question 7

A written description of the way
of life of some human population

Answer 7

Ethnography

Question 8

The assumption that
any aspect of a culture is integrated with
other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation.

Answer 8

Holistic Perspective

Question 9

The insistence by
anthropologists that valid hypotheses and
theories about humanity be tested with information from a wide range of cultures.

Answer 9

Comparative Perspective

Question 10

The notion that one
should not judge the behavior of other
peoples using the standards of one’s own
culture

Answer 10

Cultural Relativism

Question 11

The idea that
biologically (genetically) inherited differences between populations are important
influences on cultural differences between
them

Answer 11

Biological Determinism

Question 12

The notion that the
beliefs and behaviors of individuals are
largely programmed by their culture

Answer 12

Cultural Determinism

Question 13

The transmission (by means of social learning) of cultural
knowledge to the next generation.

Answer 13

Enculturation

Question 14

Shared ideals and/or expectations
about how certain people ought to act in
given situations.

Answer 14

Norms

Question 15

Within a single culture,
the behavior most people perform when they
are in certain culturally defined situations

Answer 15

Patterns of Behavior

Question 16

The rights and duties
individuals have because of their perceived
identities as males, females, or another gender
category

Answer 16

Roles

Question 17

Cultural differences characteristic
of members of various ethnic groups, regions,
religions, and so forth within a single society
or country.

Answer 17

Subculture

Question 18

Objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally
defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities.

Answer 18

Symbols

Question 19

Shared ideas or standards about the
worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles

Answer 19

Values

Question 20

Ways in which
the members of a culture divide up the natural
and social world into categories, usually linguistically encoded

Answer 20

Classifications of Reality

Question 21

The way people interpret
reality and events, including how they see
themselves relating to the world around
them.

Answer 21

Worldview

Question 22

Total system of linguistic
knowledge that allows the speakers of a
language to send meaningful messages that
hearers can understand

Answer 22

Grammar

Question 23

Languages in which changing
voice pitch within a word alters the entire
meaning of the word

Answer 23

Tone Languages

Question 24

The idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions
and worldview of its speakers.

Answer 24

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Question 25

Specialty within cultural anthropology that studies how language is related to culture and the social uses of speech

Answer 25

Sociolinguistics

Question 26

“New evolutionism,” or the mid-twentieth-century rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture

Answer 26

Neo-Evolutionism

Question 27

Theoretical orientation that rejects attempts to explain culture in general in favor of achieving an empathetic understanding of particular cultures.

Answer 27

Humanistic Approach

Question 28

Theoretical idea that each culture historically develops its own unique thematic patterns around which beliefs, values, and behaviors are oriented.

Answer 28

Configurationalism

Question 29

Scientific approach emphasizing that humans are animals and so are subject to similar evolutionary forces as other animals; associated with the hypothesis that behavior patterns enhance inclusive fitness

Answer 29

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 30

The study of past cultures using written accounts and other documents

Answer 30

Ethnohistoric Research

Question 31

The sub-field that studies the way of life of contemporary and historically recent human populations

Answer 31

Ethnology

Question 32

The attempt to recon- struct a cultural system at a slightly earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that period

Answer 32

Recall Ethnography

Question 33

The feeling of uncertainty and anxiety an individual experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting.

Answer 33

Culture Shock