Exam 1 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Antihistamine Action
A
Antianxiety agent that exerts CNS depressant activity at the subcortical level of the CNS, particularly the limbic system & the reticular formation. They potentate the effects of the powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, thereby producing calming effects.
2
Q
Antihistamine side effects
A
Antianxiety agent whose side effects include dry mouth, drowsiness, and/or pain at IM sites
3
Q
Antihistamine Drug names
A
hydroxyzine, vistaril
4
Q
sublimation
A
rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
5
Q
isolation
A
separating a thought or memory from the feeling tone or emotion associated with it
6
Q
regression
A
retreating in response to stress to an earlier level of development & the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
7
Q
rationalization
A
attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors
8
Q
intellectualization
A
an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, & analysis
9
Q
identification
A
an attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes & characteristics of an individual one admires
10
Q
denial
A
refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it
11
Q
compensation
A
covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphazing a trait one considers more desirable
12
Q
undoing
A
symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable
13
Q
reaction formation
A
preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors
14
Q
introjection
A
integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure
15
Q
displacement
A
the transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral
16
Q
suppression
A
the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness
17
Q
repression
A
involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelins and experiences from one’s awareness
18
Q
projection
A
attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one’s self to another person
19
Q
Neurons are composed of…
A
cell body, axon, dendrites
20
Q
classes of neurons
A
afferent, efferent, interneurons
21
Q
neurotransmitters
A
allow nerves to communicate with other nerves & surrounding tissues/funcation can be disrupted by systemic chemical changes,disease, and drugs/allow normal behaviors,emotions & cognition when WNL
22
Q
receptors
A
are the binding sites for neurotransmitters in the brain/ when activated cause nerve cells to be excited or inhibited/ can be dysfunctional in brain disease states
23
Q
major categories of neurotransmitters
A
cholinergics, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides
24
Q
monoamines
A
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
25
acetylcholine
cholinergic responsible for sleep, arousal, pain perception, movement, memory
increased levels= depression
decreased levels= Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's
26
norepinephrine
monoamine responsible for mood, cognition, perception, locomotion, cardiovascular function, sleep, arousal
increased levels= mania, anxiety states, schizophrenia
decreased levels= depression
27
dopamine
monoamine responsible for movement & coordination, emotion, voluntary judgment, release of prolactin
increased levels= mania, schizophrenia
decreased levels= depression
28
serotonin
monoamine responsible for sleep, arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain perception, coordination, judgment
increased levels= anxiety states
decreased levels= depression
29
histamine
monoamine responsilbe for wakefulness, pain sensation, inflammatory response
increased levels= associated with wakefulness
decreased levels= depression
30
GABA
inhibitory amino acid that slows down body acitivity, calming peacemaker in the brain
increased levels= decreases anxiety, reduces stress, increases focus
decreased levels= anxiety disorder, Huntington's, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hypertension, cardiovascular disease
31
Glycine
inhibitory amino acid responsible for recurrent inhibition of motor neurons
increased levels= toxic, encephalopathy, hyptonia, lethargy, muscle twitching
decreased levels= spastic motor movements, poorly controlled seizures
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excitatory amino acids
glutamate & aspartate
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glutamate & aspartate
excitatory amino acids responsible for relay of sensory information in the regulation of various motor & spinal reflexes
increased levels=Huntington's, temporal lobe epilepsy, spinal cerebellar degeneration
decreased levels= may contribute to developing schizophrenia & psychosis
34
endorphins & enkephalins
neuropeptides that modulate pain & reduce peristalis
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substance P
neuropeptide that regulates pain & processing of inflammation
increased levels= depression, increases anxiety & disrupts sleep
decreased levels= Alzheimer's, Huntington's, increased itching in eczema, insensitive to pain
36
somatostatin
neuropeptide that dependent upon the part of the brain being affected stimulates release of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine & acetylcholine OR inhibits the release of norepinephrine, histamine & glutamate. Neuromodulator of serotonin in hypothalamus
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hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
vasopressin and oxytocin
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hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary
growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, gonadotropic hormones, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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sleep stages
```
0-Alpha
1-Beta
2- Theta
3-Delta
4-Delta
REM-Beta
```
40
neurochemical influences on sleep/wake cycle
serotonin, & L tryptophan, norepinephrine, GABA, actylcholine
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genotype
total set of genes in an individual
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phenotypes
characteristics that are not only genetic but also may be acquired
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neurochemicals that may influence the immune system
growth hormone, testosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin
44
antidepressants work by
blocking the reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine
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antipsychotics work by
blocking specific neurotransmitter receptors
46
benzodiazepines facilitate
the transmission of GABA
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psychostimulants increase
the release of norepinephrine, serotonin, & dopamine
48
nucleus acumbens
compulsions, locomotor activity
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thalamus
weigh station for incoming sensory signals
50
hypothalamus
instinctive & appetite systems
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brainstem
alerting, stimulus filtering, sleep, autonomic control
52
stress
the state manifested by a specfic syndrome that consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes within a biologic system
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adaption
restoration of homeostasis to the internal environmental system
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general adaption syndrome
1. alarm reaction stage
2. stage of resistance
3. stage of exhaustion
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precipitating event
a stimulus arising from the internal or external environment & perceived by the individual in a specific manner
56
primary appraisal
a judgment about the situation in one of the following ways: irrelevant, benign-positive, stress appraisal
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seondary appraisal
an assessment of skills, resources, & knowledge that the person possesses to deal with the situation
58
cognitive appraisal
an individual's evaluation of the personal significance of an event or occurrence
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stress management
the use of coping strategies in the response to stressful situations
60
adaptive coping strategies...
protect the individual from harm & restore physical and psychological homeostasis
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list some adaptive coping strategies
awareness, relaxation, meditation, problem-solving, pets, music, interpersonal communication with caring individual
62
Who associated mental illness with an irregularity in the interaction among the four humors?
Hippocrates
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What four humors did Hippocrates associate with mental illness?
blood, black bile, yellow bile & phlegm
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practice of the middle ages where the mentally ill were sent out to sea to search for their lost rationality
ship of fools
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1st asylums for the mentally ill were established
in the middle ages in Middle Eastern Islamic countries
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1st hospital in America to admit mentally ill
Philadelphia- mid 18th century
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father of American psychiatry initiated the 1st humane treatment for mentally ill in the United States
Benjamin Rush
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19th century lobbyist successful in establishing state hospitals for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
69
1st American psychiatric nurse helped establish 1st school of psychiatric nursing 1882
Linda Richards
70
the successful adaption to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age-appropriate & congruent with local & cultural norms.
mental health
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maladpative responses to stressors from the internal and external enviroment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, & behaviors that are incongruent with the local & cultural norms & interfere with the individual's social, occupational, or physical functioning
mental illness
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anxiety disorder, somotaform disorders & dissociative disorders
psychoneurotic patterns of behavior
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Peplau's 4 levels of anxiety
mild, moderate, severe, panic
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a diffuse apprenhension that is vague in nature and is associated with feelings of uncertainty & helplessness
anxiety
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the "normality" of behavior is determined by the culture
cultural relativity
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the inability of the general population to understand the motivation behind the behavior
incomrenhensibility
77
examples of psychoses
schizophrenia, schiozaffective delusional disorders
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the subjective state of emotional, physical, & social responses to the loss of a valued entity; loss may be real or perceived
grief
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Kubler-Ross Five stages of grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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anticipatory grief
the experiencing of the grief process before the actual loss occurs
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Resolution is delayed by...
guilt for having had a love-hate relationship with the lost entity/ experiencing multiple losses & inability to complete one grieving process before another one begins
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Resolution is facilitated by...
anticipatory grieving
83
length of the grief process is entirely individual, it can last a few weeks to years
resolution
84
Resolution of the grief response is thought to occur when...
an individual can look back on the relationship with the lost entity & accept both the pleasures & the disappointments of the association
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maladaptive grief response
prolonged response/ delayed or inhibited response/ distorted response
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clinical disorders & other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
Axis I
87
personality disorders & mental retardation
Axis II
88
general medical conditions
Axis III
89
psychosocial & environmental problems
Axis IV
90
global assessment of functioning rated on the GAF scale, which measures an individual's psycological, social, and occupational functioning
Axis V
91
needs at this level on Maslow's hierarchy are for avoiding harm, maintaining comfort, order, structure, physical safety, freedom from fear & protection
safety & security
92
basic, fundamental needs on Maslow's hierarchy include food, water, air, sleep, exercise, elimination, shelter & sexual expression
physiological needs
93
needs on Maslow's hierarchy are for giving & receiving affection, companionship, satisfactory interpersonal relationships, and identification with a group
Love & Belonging
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Maslow- the individual seeks self-respect & respect from others, works to achieve success & recognition in work, and desires prestige from accomplishments
self-esteem/ esteem of others
95
Maslow- the individual possesses a feeling of self-fulfillment & the realization of his or her highest potential
self actualization
96
a collection of individuals whose association is founded on shared commonalities of interest, values, norms or purpose
group
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Membership is a group...
is generally by chance, choice or circumstance.
98
function of a group-socialization
the teaching of social norms occurs through groups
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function of a group-support
fellow members are available in time of need
100
function of a group- task completion
groups can assist in endeavors that are beyond the capacity of a single individual
101
function of a group- camaraderie
individuals receive joy & pleasure from interactions with significant others
102
function of a group- informational
learning takes place when group members share their knowledge with the others in the group
103
function of a group- normative
different groups enforce established norms in various ways
104
function of a group- empowerment
change can be made by groups at times when individuals alone are ineffective
105
function of a group- governance
large organizations often have leadership that is provided by groups rather than by a singel individual
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types of groups
task, teaching, therapeutic, self-help
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the way in which group members interact with each other
group process
108
the topic or issue being discussed in the group
group content
109
members leave and others join at any time during the existance of the group
open-ended groups
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all members join at the time the group is organized & terminate membership at the end of a designated period of time
close-ended groups
111
instillation of hope
by observing the progress of others in the group with similar problems, a group member garners hope that his/her problems can also be resolved
112
universality
individuals come to realize that they are not alone in the problems, thoughts, & feelings they are experiencing
113
imparting of information
group members share their knowledg with each other; leaders of teaching groups also provide information to group members
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Altruism
individuals provide assistance & support to each other, thereby helping to create a positive self-image & promote self growth
115
corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
group members are able to re-experience early family conflicts that remain unresolved
116
development of socializing techniques
through interaction with & feedback from other members of the group, individuals are able to correct maladaptive social behaviors & learn to develop new social skills
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imitative behavior
group members who have mastered a particular psychosocial skill or developmental task serve as valuable role models for others
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interpersonal learning
group offers varied opportunities for interacting with other people
119
group cohesiveness
members develop a sense of belonging that separates the individual (I am) from the group (we are)
120
catharsis
within the group, members are able to express both positive & negative feelings`
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existential factors
the group is able to assist individual members to undertake direction of their own lives & to accept responsiblity for the quality of their existence
122
leadership style where focus is on the leader, on whom the members are dependent for problem-solving, decision making, & permission to perform
production is high, but morale is low
autocratic leadership
123
leadership style where focus is on members, who are encouraged to participate fully in problem solving of group issues, including taking action to effect change
production lower, but morale much higher
democratic leadership
124
leadership style with no focus, goals are undefined & members do as they please
productivity & morale are low
Laissez-faire
125
a type of group therapy that employs a dramatic approach in which clients become "actors" in life-situation scenarios
psychodrama
126
3 roles played by members of a group
task roles, maintenance roles, individual (personal) roles
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enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, & thinking about the environment & oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts
personality traits
128
inborn personality characteristicis
temperament
129
Personality disorder occur when...
personality traits become inflexible & maladaptive, causing either significant functional impairment or subjective distress.
130
Freud's 3 components of personality
id, ego, superego
131
Freud's Stages of Development of Personality
```
oral stage (birth-18 months)
anal stage (18 months-3 years)
phallic stage (3-6 years)
latency stage (6-12 years)
genital stage (13-20 years)
```
132
the study of the biological foundations of cognitive, emotional, & behavioral processes
psychobiology
133
cerebrum, diencephalon
forebrain
134
mesencephalon
midbrain
135
pons, medulla, cerebellum
hindbrain
136
cerebral cortex
intelligence, judgment & inhibitory control
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prefrontal cortex
planning, reasoning, decision making
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hippocampus
cognitive learning & memory
139
amygdala
emotional memory
140
basal ganglia
reaction time, fine motor control
141
anthihistamine indications
antianxiety agent that treats anxiety disorders, relief of anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawa, allergic reactions producing puritic or asthmatic conditions, antiematic, reduction of narcotic requirement
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antianxiety chemical classes
antihistamines, benzodiazepines
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antidepressants chemical classes
tricyclics, SSRIs, MAOIs
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barbiturates - contraindications
hypersensitivity, severe renal, hepatic, cardiac or respiratory disease; history of OD drug or alcohol abuse; porphyria, intra-arterial or subcutaneous administrations/use cautiously in elderly & debilitated, depressed or suicidal clients, children, pregnancy or lactation
145
Heterocyclics- drug names
Antidepressants named
| Bupropion, Marpotiline, Mirtazapine, Trazodone
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Nonselective reuptake inhibitors -drug names
antidepressants named
| Nefazodone, Venlafaxine
147
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors-drug names
anitdepressants named
| Isocarbozazid, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine
148
MAOIs - side effects
antidepressants that can cause dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypertension, contstipation, nausea, edema, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, disturbance of circadian rhthym, insomnia, hypertensive crisis
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MAOIs- actions
antidepressants that inhibit the enzyme MAO, resulting in an increase in the concentration of endogenous epinephrine, norepinephrine, & serotonin in storage sites throughout the nervous system
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MAOIs - indications
antidepressants used to treat depression
151
SSRIs- drug names
antidepressants named
| Citalopram, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline
152
SSRIs - side effects
headache, insomnia, nervousness, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, nausea, sexual dysfunction, somnolence & dry mouth
153
barbiturates - action
depresses CNS; interferes with transmission through the reticular formation which is concerned with arousal; action on neurotransmitters is not well defined; all levels of CNS depression can occur from mild sedation to hypnosis to coma to death
154
SSRIs - actions
antidepressants that selectively inhibit the CNS neuronal uptake of serotonin, thus potentiating its activity
155
SSRIs - indications
antidepressants used to treat depression, OCD, Bulima Nervousa, & panic disorders. Unlabeld uses include alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, ADHD, PMS, migraine headaches, & obesity
156
Tricyclics - drug names
antidepressant drugs named
| Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Doxepin, Desipramine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Protriptyline, Trimipramine
157
Tricyclics -side effects
antidepressants that can cause drowsiness, dry mouth, orthostatic hyptension, tachycardia, constipation urinary retention, blood dyscrasias, nausea, vomiting, and photosensitivity
158
Tricyclics - indications
antidepressants used to treat major depression, dysthymic drug overdose, depression associated with bipolar drug overdose & anxiety, childhood enuersis & OCD, investigatory uses include ADHD, Panic disorders, chronic pain & alcoholism
159
Tricyclics - action
antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin at the presynaptic neurons
160
Benzodiazepines- indications
antianxiety agents used to treat anxiety disorders, anxiety symptoms, acute alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, convulsive disorders & status epilepticus, preop sedation
161
Benzodiazepines - action
antianxienty agents thought to potentiate the effects of GABA, a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter, thereby producing a calming effect/ effect may involve the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, limbic system & cortical areas
162
Benzodiazepines - drug names
antianxiety agents named
| Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Chloridiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepa, Lorazepam, Oxazepam
163
Benzodiazepines - side effects
antianxiety agents can cause drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, lethargy, hypotension, tolerance, physical and psychological dependence
164
antipsychotics - chemical classes
phenothiazines, benzisoxazole, butyrophenone
165
antipsychotic - side effects
anticholinergic, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, nausea, GI upset, skin rashes, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, photosensitivity, reduction of seizure threshold, agranulocytosis, salivtion, EPS, tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, weight gain, decreased libido, retrograde ejaculation, amenorrhea, gynecomastia
166
Phenothiazines - indications
antipsychotic used to treat acute & chronic psychoses, mania, recurrent psychotic symptoms in dementia, as an antiemmetic, intractable hiccups, control of tics and vocal utterances
167
Phenothiazines- action
antipsychotic agent thought to work by blocking post-synaptic dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, hyothalamus, limbic system, brain stem & medulla. Also demonstrates affinity for cholinergic, alpha 1- adrenergic & histamine receptors. May also be related to inhibition of dopamine mediated transmission of neural impulses at the synapse.
168
Phenothiazine - drug names
Antipsychotic agents named
| Fluphenazine, Mesoridazine, Perphenazine, Prochlorperazine, Promazine, Thioridazine, Trifluuoperazine, Triflupromazine
169
Benzisoxazole - indications
Antipsychotic agents used to manage manifestations of psychotic drug overdose
170
Benzisoxazole - actions
Antipsychotic agent that exerts antagonistic effects on dopamine type 2, serotonin type 2, alpha 1 & alpha 2 adrenergic & H1 histaminergic receptors.
171
Benzisoxasole - drug name
Antipsychotic agent named
| Risperidone
172
Butyrophenone - indications
Antipsychotic agent used in the management of manifestations of psychotic drug overdose, psychotic symptoms in dementia in elderly, control of hyperactivity & severe behavior in children
173
Butyrophenone - actions
Antipsychotic agents that block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus, limbic system, and reticular formation, demonstrates for cholinergic, alpha 1-adrenergic & histaminic receptors
174
Butyrophenone- drug name
antipsychotic agent named
| Haloperidol
175
Phase of group development
1. leader/members work together to establish rules & goals for group
2. leader promotes trust & ensures that rules do not interfere with goal achievement
3. members are superficial & overly polite/ trust not established
Inital Phase of group development
176
Phase of group development
1. productive work towards completion of the task is undertaken
2. leader role diminishes & becomes facilitator
3. trust established between members, cohesiveness exists
4. conflict manged by group members themselves
Middle/ Working phase of group development
177
Phase of group development
1. a sense of loss, precipitating the grief process that may be experienced by member
2. leader encourages members to discuss feelings of loss & reminisce about accomplishments of the group
3. feelings of abandonment & grief for previous losses may be triggered for members
Final/ Termination phase of group development
178
Peplau's Nursing Model stages of personality development
stage 1- learn to count on others
stage 2- learn to delay gratification
stage 3- identifying oneself
stage 4-developing skills in participation
179
Peplau's Nursing Model of Development - Roles
resource person, counselor, teacher, leader, technical support, surrogate
180
Kohlberg's Levels of Moral development
```
preconventional level (4-10 years)
conventional level (10-13 years & into adulthood)
post conventional level (from adolescence on)
```
181
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
peroperational (2-6 years)
concrete operations (6-12 years)
formal operations (12-15+ years)
182
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial development stages
```
trust vs mistrust (birth-18 months)
autonomy vs shame/doubt (18 mo- 3 years)
initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)
industry vs inferiority (6-12 years)
identity vs role confusion (12-20 years)
intimacy vs isolation (20-30 years)
generativity vs stagnation (30-65 years)
ego integrity vs despair (65 years - death)
```
183
Mahler's Theory of Object Relations Stages
phase I: autism (birth-1 month)
phase II: symbiosis (1-5 months)
phase III: separation-individuation (5-36 months)
184
Mahler's phase III subphases
differentiation (5-10 months)
practicing (10-16 months)
rapprochement (16-24 months)
consolidation (24-36 months)
185
Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory Major Concepts
anxiety, satisfaction of needs, interpersonal security, self-esteem.
186
Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory Stages of Development
```
infancy (birth -18 months)
childhood (18 months to 6 years)
juvenile (6-9 years)
preadolescence (9-12 years)
early adolescence (12-14 years)
late adolescence (14-21 years )
```
