Exam 1 Flashcards
(12 cards)
Tyrosine kinase
-ligand binds to the receptor which activates the enzyme tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates the amino acid Tyrosine. This causes a change in protein function ie cell function
Membrane potential
- ligand binds to a receptor which opens or closing ion channel (which are specific for Na, K, Cl….
- changes membrane potential and cellular function
cAMP system
Ligand binds to a receptor which activates a G protein which associates with the catalytic part of the enzyme adenylate Cyclase. Adenylate Cyclase forms cAMP from ATP which activates the enzyme protein kinase. Protein kinase phosphorylates a protein using ATP -> changes the cell function
DAG/inositol phosphate
Ligand binds to a receptor activating a G protein which activates the enzyme phospholipase C which acts on phosphatidylinositol phosphate to form inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacyglycerol (DAG) which releases calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum by opening Ca channels to follow the calmodulin pathway
DAG
Activates protein kinase C, which phosphates a protein
Common components of second messenger system
Primary chemical messenger Gprotein Protein kinase Protein activator Cell response
List of secondary messenger systems
Tyrosine kinase Electrical membrane potential JAK cAMP cGMP calcium/calmodulin Inositol triphosphate Diacylglycerolb
Primary chemical
Hormones Neuro hormones Neurotransmitters Paracrimes Autocrines
Secondary active transport
Uses the electrochemical gradient of an ion to move a molecule, typically the molecule is Na
What is the product of glycolysis
Pyruvate, 4 ATP 4 NADH
Products of the citric acid cycle
Uses 2 acetyl CoA, forms 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 GTP 4 CO2
Electron transport chain
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP
Oxygen is used to form H2O
