Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NURS300 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

STRESS: physiologic stressors

A

pain
excessive noise
starvation
infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

STRESS: emotional/psychologic stressors

A

diagnosis of chronic disease
death of spouse
caring for disabled child/parent
marital problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

STRESS: GAS

A

generalized adaptation syndrome

there are 3 stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

STRESS: GAS- alarm stage

A

perceives a stress physically or mentally
“fight or flight” response initiated
may result in disease or death if prolonged or severe
sympathetic nervous stimulation
pt. complaints of anxiety, rapid heart rate, nausea, and anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

STRESS: fight or flight response: sympathetic nervous system

A

the hypothalamus: activates sympathetic
nervous system>impulses activate glands and smooth muscles; activates adrenal medulla>releases norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream> neural activity combines w/ hormone in the bloodstream to constitute fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

STRESS: fight or flight response: adrenal-cortical system

A

hypothalamus: activates adrenal-cortical system by releasing corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]> pituitary gland secretes hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]> ACTH arrives at adrenal cortex and releases approx. 30 hormones into the bloodstream> neural activity combines with hormones in the bloodstream to constitute fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

STRESS: GAS: resistance stage

A

pt. moves quickly into this stage [ideally]
physiological reserves are mobilized to handle stress
amount off resistance depends on levels of functioning [i.e. health, exercise, etc.]
very few physiological signs
if resistance is successful, the pt. will recover
- if it is unsuccessful, pt. will move to the last stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

STRESS: GAS: exhaustion stage

A

all energy has been expended
pt. may die if resources are not available
physical s/s of alarm stage may reappear
can be reversed by external sources such as med.’s and counseling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

STRESS: factors that affect the impact of stress

A 
attitude
previous experience
timing of stressors
resilience
sleep status
optimistic/pessimistic
culture
spiritual influences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

STRESS: optimism vs. pessimism

A 
optimism
- cope more effectively with stress
- reduces the chance of stress-related illness
- when ill, tend to recover sooner
pessimism
- likely to deny problems
- allow stress to interfere with goal achievement
- focus on stressful feelings
- report more health problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ENDOCRINE: regulation of hormones: simple feedback

A

based upon blood levels of a particular substance

i.e. low levels of a particular element which stimulates a body reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ENDOCRINE: regulation of hormones: negative feedback

A

gland responds by increasing or decreasing the secretion of a hormone
i.e. inhibition of a decrease or increase of an hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ENDOCRINE: regulation of hormones: positive feedback

A

increases target organ beyond normal

i.e. sending hormone to an organ to intensify its role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ENDOCRINE: regulation of hormones: complex feedback

A

usually involves several glands

i.e. a coalition of hormones being released by varying glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ENDOCRINE: hypothalamus

A

produces and secretes release and inhibit hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ENDOCRINE: anterior pituitary gland

A

“master gland” located under and regulated by the hypothalamus
larger portion
- receives stress and growth hormones from the hypo.
growth hormone [GH]
- effect on all body tissue
- growth and development of skeletal muscles and long bones
- role in protein, fat and CHO metabolism
prolactin
- breast development and lactation
tropic hormones
- control the secretion of hormones by other glands
- TSH [thyroid stimulating hormone], ACTH [adrenocorticotropic hormone], FSH [follicle stimulating hormone; pushes the egg through Fallopian tubes], LH [luteinizing hormone; lubrication for sex], MSH [melanocyte stimulating hormone; for skin pigmentation]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ENDOCRINE: posterior pituitary gland

A

“master gland” located under and regulated by the hypothalamus
smaller portion
composed of nerve tissue and is an extension of the hypothalamus
ADH [antidiuretic hormone] and oxytocin
- hormones produced in hypothalamus but travel down nerve tracts to P.P.
- stored in pituitary until it is released into body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ENDOCRINE: ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone
stored in the posterior pituitary gland
regulated by fluid volume and plasma concentration
when stimulated the renal tubules reabsorb water creating a concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ENDOCRINE: oxytocin

A

stored in the posterior pituitary gland
stimulates the production of milk into mammary ducts
contracts uterine smooth muscle
released by stimulation of touch receptors in the nipples of lactating women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ENDOCRINE: gigantism

A

a pituitary disorder where there is an excess of growth hormone
excessive secretion of the hormone before the closure the epiphyses, which occurs before the child reaches adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ENDOCRINE: acromegaly

A

a pituitary disorder where there is an excess of growth hormone
excessive secretion after the closure of the epiphyses which occurs after the child has reached adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ENDOCRINE: SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
a pituitary disorder where there is an excess of antidiuretic hormone
fluid retention
dilutional hyponatremia- diluted sodium levels
concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ENDOCRINE: DI

A 
diabetes insipidus
a pituitary disorder where there is a lack of antidiuretic hormone
this is not actual diabetes
increased urine output
dilute urine
increase thirst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ENDOCRINE: thyroid gland

A

produces, stored, and releases T4 [thyroxine] and T3 hormones
produces and releases calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ENDOCRINE: parathyroid glands
2 glands embedded on each side of the thyroid gland [total of 4] secretes PTH
26
ENDOCRINE: PTH
parathormone secreted by the parathyroid glands increases bone resorption [breakdown, resulting in calcium release into blood, and promotes the reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphorous activates vit. D which enhances the intestinal absorption of calcium
27
ENDOCRINE: T4 & T3
produced, stored, and released by the thyroid gland the increased or decreased production of the hormone is stimulated by the anterior pituitary gland iodine is necessary for T4 and T3 hormone production - too little or too much iodine will cause thyroid to not produce T3 or T4 affects metabolic rate, growth and development, CHO and lipid metabolism, etc.
28
ENDOCRINE: calcitonin
produced and released by the thyroid gland produced in response to high levels of calcium in the blood inhibits resorption [breakdown] of bone out of the blood, increases calcium in the bone, increases renal exrretion of calcium
29
ENDOCRINE: adrenal glands
small, paired, highly vascular located on top of kidneys consists of two parts: medulla and cortex medulla releases catecholamines cortex releases more than 50 sterioid hormones, including glucocorticoids [cortisol], mineralcorticoids [aldosterone], and androgens
30
ENDOCRINE: catecholamines
released by the adrenal gland medulla includes glucal and mineral corticocoids effects all body systems
31
ENDOCRINE: glucocorticoids
cortisol released by adrenal gland cortex effect on glucose metabolism/mobilization anti-inflammatory action stress response released by negative feedback [CRH and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)]
32
ENDOCRINE: mineralcorticoids
aldosterone released by the adrenal gland cortex acts on organs such as the kidney and the colon to increase the amount of salt (sodium) reabsorbed into the bloodstream and the amount of potassium removed in the urine alters blood pressure
33
ENDOCRINE: cushing's syndrome
an adrenal cortex disorder | effects related to an excess of glucocorticoids
34
ENDOCRINE: addison's disease
an adrenal cortex disorder | effects related to a deficiency of all three corticosteroids
35
ENDOCRINE: pheochromocytoma
disorder of the adrenal medulla effects related to an excess of mineralcorticodes [aldosterone] tumor of adrenal gland medulla causes severe hypertension
36
ENDOCRINE: pancreas
produces glucagon [alpha cells] and insulin [beta cells]
37
ENDOCRINE: tests for thyroid function
``` TSH [thyroid stimulating hormone] serum T4/T3 ultrasound - checks for nodules on the thyroid thyroid scan RAI [radioactive iodine uptake] ```
38
ENDOCRINE: goiter
a thyroid disorder hypertrophy and enlargment of the thyroid caused by excessive TSH stimulation from inadequate thyroid hormones can be caused by goitrogens [foods or drugs that suppress gland function] - enlargement of gland - interferes with iodine uptake surgery may be necessary if there is an obstruction of the airway primary nursing concern: airway secondary: swallowing
39
ENDOCRINE: nodules on the thyroid
thyroid disorder palpable deformity may be benign or malignant major sign of thyroid cancer is a hard, painless, nodule on an enlarged gland ultrasound, CT scan, thyroid scan, MRI, fine needle aspiration [FNA]
40
ENDOCRINE: thyroiditis
thyroid disorder inflammation of the thyroid can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or autoimmune can lead to hypothyroidism [Hashimoto's] if the disorder goes on unnoticed due to wearing out usually thyroid hormones are elevated but then may become depressed TSH low, then elevated treatment depends on cause and manifestations
41
ENDOCRINE: hyperthyroidism
thyroid disorder thyrotoxicosis- s/s resulting from excessive circulating T4 and T3 or both more common in women highest frequency is 20-40 years of age most common form is Graves disease [autoimmune disorder] s/s: weight loss, increased appetite, diarrhea, fatigue, diaphoretic, tachycardic, hypertensive, exopthalmia [caused by an excess of fluid build up behind the eye; pt. may lose ability to close their eye lids] nutritional therapy - foods high in calories, protein, and CHO - vitamins - anti-diarrheal med.'s - daily weights/ I&O
42
ENDOCRINE: thyrotoxic crisis
``` thyroid disorder "thyroid storm" manifestations are heightened - severe tachycardia, heart failure, shock, fever [>105], restlessness [initial sign of hypoxia], seizures, delirium, coma, NVD life threatening emergency treatment aimed at reducing circulating hormones, manifestations and decreasing effects of metabolic rate drug therapy radioactive iodine therapy surgical therapy ```
43
ENDOCRINE: drug therapy for hyperthyroidism or thyroid storm
``` antithyroid drugs iodine - [esp. given for pt.'s a week away form surgery to decrease the size of thyroid and to force t3 and t4 to go out of the blood and into storage B-adrenergic blockers - a cardiac med. that decreases BP and heart rate sedatives - to reverse the restlessness insulin oxygen - ordered first b/c it is high priority ```
44
ENDOCRINE: nursing care in a post-op thyroidectomy
airway -have trach. care/suctioning kit at bedside assess for bleeding - first indicator: increased heart rate - check the back of the neck for blood position: Semi-Fowler's monitor vital signs and calcium imbalance [b/c the parathyroid came out along with the thyroid which is active in the resorption and reabsorption of Ca; primary sign: tremors] diet: permitted to take fluid as soon as tolerated and soft diet the next day
45
ENDOCRINE: hypothyroidism
thyroid disorder insufficient circulating T4 and T3 hormones one of the most common disorders in US all infants in US are screened at birth primary or secondary etiology s/s: weight gain, bradycardia, decreased BP, tired, intolerance to cold treatment: mechanical ventilation, IV thyroid supplements, isotonic fluid [if the pt. is hyponatremic, deliver hypertonic solution], IV glucose, monitor for heart failure nutritional therapy: foods low in calories, high in fiber, and adequate fluids
46
ENDOCRINE: myxedema
thyroid disorder medical term for hypothyroidism life-threatening hypothyroidism not treated or stressed hypothyroidism observe for hypoglycemia and hyponatremia
47
ENDOCRINE: hyperparathyroidism
thyroid disorder caused by overproduction of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands characterized by bone decalcifecation [calcium out of the bones and into the blood] and the development of renal stones containing calcium asymptomatic w/ manifestations of hypercalcemia tests: PTH levels, derum calcium and phosphorous [decreases as calcium increases] levels, dexa scan [checks for bone break down] ultrasound [kidney stones], ECG may need surgery along with delivery of fluids, limitation of Ca and phosphorous and calcitonin [decreases calium levels]
48
ENDOCRINE: hypoparathyroidism
thyroid disorder inadequate PTH [uncommon] most common cause is the result of removal w/ thyroid surgery low serum calcium levels seen care: treat acute tetany. maintain normal serum Ca levels, oral calcium supplements, vit. D supplement [aids the GI tract to absorb calcium], adequate rest period, monitor EKG and cardiac complications [HF], long-term drug therapy and nutrition [high in calcium, low in phosphorous]
49
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. air, water, food 2. safety and security needs 3. love and belonging, friendship, love, social relationships 4. self-confidence, achievement, self-worth 5. self-actualization
50
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: ABC's
Airway - i.e. obstruction or risk of obstruction Breathing - i.e. wheezing, low pulse ox reading Circulation - i.e. hemorrhaging, low/high blood pressure
51
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: s/s of a stroke
``` rapid onset of s/s confusion facial drooping slurred words blurred vision ```
52
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: emergent vs. urgent vs. non-urgent
emergent - pt.'s w/ highest priority due to life-threatening problems - pt. requires basic survival needs urgent - pt.'s w/ medium/low priorities of potentially impairing functioning or normal growth and development - pt. requires early resolution of their problems but it is not to impede medical treatment non-urgent - pt.'s that do not require immediate attention
53
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: acute vs. chronic illness
acute - an illness w/ an abrupt onset and usually a short course - death is a possibility chronic - an illness that persists for a long period of time or for the rest of the pt.'s life - pt. can present with an acute episode of a chronic disease
54
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: delegation
a process that transfers, usually verbal, to a competent individual the authority to perform a selected nursing task in a specific situation the responsibility for the task is transferred but accountability remains with the person who is delegating tasks
55
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: assigning tasks
the RN may assign staff members who have the appropriate level of expertise that is necessary to deliver the pt. care and perform the activities the RN may assign a more skilled individual to perform specific tasks - i.e. an expert in starting IV's to help you, a novice the RN may not assign an individual to perform a task that is outside the individual's job description or scope of practice
56
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: 5 rights of delegation
``` right task right circumstance/concern right person right direction/communication right supervision ```
57
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: directions for delegation
priority of activity expected timeliness reportable conditions guidelines for reporting task completion use of written and visual resources may be used to reinforce direction * never assume the staff you're delegating tasks to know the info. above w/o your say so
58
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: AACN key factors to consider before ddelegating
``` potential for harm - great or small complexity of task - simple or difficult problem solving needed minimal or maximum unpredictability of outcome - stable or unstable level of interaction required w/ client - simple or complex ``` assessments, invasive procedures, administration of blood may not be delegated to non-RN staff
59
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: tasks the RN is responsible for
initial assessment of client and assessment whenever status changes planning of care implementation of nursing and other medical orders evaluation of care pt. teaching procedures requiring sterile administration
60
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: tasks the LPN/LVN can perform
perform routine assessments and skills deliver basic care perform routine tasks w/ predictable outcomes perform routine wound care/dressing changes perform uncomplicated sterile procedures perform specialized "skills" with proper training in stable situations observe and report reinforce teaching
61
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: tasks the UAP can perform
provide basic care/ADL'S routine clinical tasks - vital signs, collecting urine/stool samples, I&O room preparation pt. ambulation and transport can only participate in stable situations w/ predictable outcomes
62
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: can delegate in cases of...
stable pt.'s requirements w.i care-givers job description and legal constraints adequate supervision available w/i skill and competencies of individual caregiver minimal potential for harm
63
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: can not delegate in cases of...
``` unstable pt.'s w/ unpredictable outcomes condition requires complex assessment problem solving and critical thinking required nursing judgment required potential for ham exists ```
64
PRIORITY AND DELEGATE: factors to consider when assigning rooms to pt.'s
``` bed availability LOC pt. acuity age, gender, special needs/equipment medical dx infectious disease staffing attending physician pt. who is dying ```

NURS300 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions