Final Flashcards

Question

LOWER RESP. DISORDER: acute bronchitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the bronchi causes: infection [viral, bacterial] esp. following upper resp. infection s/s: cough, sputum production, fever, H/A, malaise, S.O.B. on exertion, rhonchi, wheezing [brought on by inflammation of airway] tx: fluids, rest, anti-inflammatory agents, antitussives [cough suppressants], bronchodilators,

Answer 2

a clinical syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli - there is mucosal inflammation, constriction of bronchial smooth muscles, excess production of mucus types: extrinsic, intrinsic/idiopathic causes: allergens, viral upper resp. infection, sinusitis, exercise, COLD DRY AIR, med.'s, hormones/menses, GERD, psychological factors, stress s/s: wheezing, feeling of suffocation, COUGH, upright sitting, dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, anxiety, hypoxemia, prolonged expiration, diminished breath sounds, hypoxia [> tachycardia, tachypnea, HTN] tx [d/o severity]: drugs [B-agonist's, anti-inflammatory, methylxanthines, mucolytics, anticholinergics, leukotriene modifiers, neb. tx.'sl], O2

Answer 3

B-2 adrenergic agonists relaxes the muscles, opens the airways by activating beta-2 receptors - short-acting beta agonist [SABA] for rescue and long-acting beta agonist [LABA] for maintenance anticholinergics relax and dilate the airways in the lungs for maintenance - S.E.: dry mouth methyxanthines slightly relax the airways in the lungs through bronchodilation and increases the strength of the diaphragm by stimulating the breathing control centers in the brain for maintenance of chronic asthma anti-inflammatory agents - S.E.: thrush if mouth is not rinsed after drug use leukotriene modifiers works to block the effect of leukotrienes in our bodies by binding to receptors on smooth muscle and other tissue in the airways mucolytic agents [i.e. water] help loosen and clear the mucus from the airways by breaking up the sputum used for maintenance

Answer 4

assessment of resp. and cardiac status, bed rest [w/ H.O.B. elevated, encourage deep breathes, chest physiotherapy [if there is an open airway], encourage pursed lip breathing [promotes opening of the alveoli], balance activity/rest, fluids, small frequent meals, NO SEDATIVES, relaxation exercises teach that inhaled med.'s should be taken 1-2 min.'s b/w each puff w/ same med. and 5 min.'s b/w each puff w/ diff. med.

Answer 5

disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction - chronic bronchitis [presence of chronic productive cough] and emphysema [abnormal enlargement of air spaces accompanied by destruction of walls cause: SMOKING, heredity, aging, infection, inhaled irritants complications: cor-pulmonale, resp. failure, peptic ulcer disease and GERD, pneumonia

Answer 6

blue bloaters a syndrome of excessive mucus production in the bronchi accompanied by a recurrent daily cough that persists for at least 3 months of the year during at least 2 consecutive years - the problem is getting air in [decreased O2] and getting air out [increased CO2] consequences: hypertrophy & hyperplasia of bronchial glands, increased # of goblet cells, decreased cilia, chronic inflammation [airway narrowing], altered function of alveoli s/s: frequent productive cough, frequent resp. infections, dyspnea upon exertion, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, edematous, robust appearance, finger clubbing, coarse rhonchi, wheezing

Answer 7

pink puffers a condition of the lung characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles [causes inability to recoil], accompanied by destruction of their walls and w/o obvious fibrosis - problem is getting the air out [increased CO2] consequences: destruction of alveolar walls, alveolar air trapping, loss of elastic recoil capabilities, stimulation of the macrophages and neutrophils s/s: dyspnea, minimal cough, barrel chest, thin and underweight, finger clubbing, pursed-lip breathing, diminished breath sounds

Answer 8

right-sided heart failure 2o to lung constriction | causes: increased cardiac work due to constricted vessels in the lungs

Answer 9

physiologic compensation for hypoxemia where there is an increase in unoxygenated RBC's since there is not O2 available - inadequate O2 stimulates release erythropoietin from the kidneys causing more RBC but since there is no O2 available, the action does not help tx: provide adequate fluids [not too much, not too little]

Answer 10

``` history and physical examination CXR pulmonary function studies ABG studies electrocardiogram sputum specimen for culture SERUM A1-ANTITRYPSIN LEVELS - TELLS US WHETHER IT IS GENETIC EMPHYSEMA OR NOT exercise testing w/ oximetry echocardiagram ```

Answer 11

drugs - [B-adrenergic agents, anticholinergic agents, methylxanthines, corticosteroids], smoking cessation, flu and pneumonia vaccines, immediately treat URI's, O2-low flow [prevents CO2 narcosis diet - fluids [not during meals], small frequent meals, high-kcal high-protein, low CHO [by-product is CO2], pre-prandial rest and bronchodilation, Na+ restriction, avoid foods that require a lot of chewing teaching - pursed-lip breathing [prevents atelectasis and gets rid of CO2], diaphragmatic breathing, chest physiotherapy

Answer 12

CO= stroke volume X heart rate stroke volume= amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle w/ each heartbeat - stroke volume is influenced by pre-load an after-load -- pre-load refers to amount of blood in left ventricle at the end of diastole, the greater the pre-load the greater the contractility of the heart muscle resulting in a greater stroke volume -- after-load reflects the amount of resistance the ventricles have to contract against, an increase in after-load results in a decrease in stroke volume

Answer 13

creatine kinase of cardiac muscles [CK-MB] is an enzyme released pc heart cell death - onset= 6 hours - peak= 10-24 hours troponin I [most preferred since it lasts longer in the blood] is released pc myocardial injury - onset= 6 hours - duration= 1-2 weeks serum lipids - triglycerides [40 mg/dL] - LDL [<1.0 mg/L homocysteine indicate platelet aggregation an turbulent blood flow when increased - 5.2-12.9 [M]; 3.7 [10.4 [F] b-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] found in ventricles indicate dyspnea w/ cardiac origin

Answer 14

blood coagulation, ABG's, electrolytes, CBC, urine and: cardiac catheterization - views heart, chambers, O2 status and chamber pressures coronary angiogram - dye is injected into coronary arteries to evaluate condition/blood flow CXR - heart size, pulmonary congestion EKG - PQRST wave forms, deviations from normal sinus rhythm holter monitoring - ECG recording for 24-48 hr.'s echocardiogram - measures heart structures and size, blood flow and ejection fraction using ultrasound waves transesophageal echocardiography [TEE] - uses endoscope to w/ ultrasound transducer exercise stress test, stress echo nuclear stress test - same as exercise stress test except using scan machine

Answer 15

pre-op care -check allergies [b/c of dye], pre-medicate, baseline pulse assessment [to compare when pt. is in recovery], NPO during procedure - educate that: may be awake, feel warm flushing sensation, asked to cough as dye is passed, palpitations may occur post-op care - CV assessment, fluids, monitor catheter site, PRESSURE DRESSING, observe for complications

Answer 16

B.P. of >140/>90 - dx determined if readings are elevated 3X in one week HTN emergency: >220/>140 HTN urgency: elevated w/ no evidence of target organ damage risk factors: age, heredity, gender [M>F], obesity, high-Na+ diet, D.M., alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, stress, smoking, hyperlipidemia types: primary [95%; idiopathic], secondary [5%] consequences: CVA [#1], MI [major], renal failure s/s: asymptomatic besides effect on target organ [CAD, CVA, PVD, retinas, renal diagnose: B.P. on both arms, multiple times on diff. arms, serum metabolic panel w/ creatinine, cardiac work-up, U/A

Answer 17

it is the force exerted by blood against walls of blood vessels BP= CO X SVR CO= amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute - CO= HR X SV [stroke volume] SVR: arteries resistance to blood flow

Answer 18

SNS - increases H.R. [chronotropic], and contractility [inotropic] by increasing CO and SVR, influenced by epi. and norepi. arterial baroreceptors - found in carotid, aorta, and walls of left ventricle which monitor the level of arterial pressure renal - controls Na+ excretions and extracellular volume via RAAS endocrine - release of epi., norepi., aldosterone [from adrenal glands], ADH [from pituitary]

Answer 19

drugs - thiazide diuretics, Ca+ channel blockers [CCB's], ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers [ARB's] diet - DASH diet, omega 3 fatty acids misc., Na+ reduction - smoking cessation, weight reduction, stress management, limit alcohol use education - routine screening and recognition of risk factors, prompt tx of B.P., encourage family involvement nursing actions - assess and encourage compliance, side effect management

Answer 20

it is an abnormal clinical syndrome involving impaired cardiac pumping and or filling consequences: low CO, vasodilation [to supply more blood], hypertrophy, SNS release of epi. [increases H.R.], RAAS, INCREASED INTRAVASCULAAR VOLUME, cascade [raises B.P. > raises B.P.] types: left/right-sided H.F., acute decompensated H.F., C.H.F. tx: diet [Na+ restriction,, DASH, cholesterol control], fluid management/restriction, drugs [diuretic, ACE, ARB, inotropic drugs, beta-blockers, anxiety reduction, energy-efficient behavior, rest education: on-going monitoring using "FACES" [Fatigue, limitation of Activities, Chest Congestion/Cough, Edema, Shortness of breath]

Answer 21

``` dyspnea orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea [PND] - feeling of suffocation when lying down dry hacking cough/ crackles fatigue, weakness restlessness, anxiety angina nocturia - fluid enters vascular system to compensate for lack of blood to body > renal system produces urine to excrete excess fluid tachycardia change in mental status ```

Answer 22

``` peripheral edema hepatomegaly JVD ascites anorexia nausea weakness ```

Answer 23

it is a condition where there is poor perfusion and oxygenation causes: ATHEROSCLEROSIS consequences: narrowed lumen, obstruction [by thrombosis], plaque ulceration, aneurysm, rupture, HTN, angina, M.I., transient ischemic attacks, CVA, ESRD. diabetes risk factors: TOBACCO USE, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, HTN, aging, family hx., obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress s/s: thin shiny skin, lower leg hair loss, DIMINISHED/ ABSENT PULSES, color/temp. changes of skin, ulcers [NEAR TOES], INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, parasthesia, pain at rest

Answer 24

is it ischemic muscle pain caused by a constant level of exercise resolves within 10 minutes or less w/ rest classic sx of PAD - occurs b/c the lack of blood to the periphery causes O2 starvation of the peripheral cells causing pain when standing pain occurs w/ activity but we want to encourage activity - encourage pt. to take rest periods

Answer 25

ankle-brachial index [ABI], angiography and magnetic resonance angiography, duplex imaging [of tissues, organs, and vessels], Doppler ultrasound flow studies, more: segmented B.P. - uses Doppler and ultrasound to evaluate blood flow and comparing it in the arms and legs

Answer 26

drugs: - ACE-I, lipid lowering agents, nti-platelets, anticoagulants diet: - low fat, low Na+, soy protein [decreases cholestrol], folic acid, B6 and B12 vit.'s [last 3 lowers homocysteine levels] lifestyle: - position affected part below heart level [slightly elevate w/ edema], isotonic exercises, smoke cessation, stay warm and avoid cold, weight reduction educate - report [pain at rest, dramatic skin color changes, leg ulcer, cellulitis, gangrene], avoid emotional upsets, remove restrictive clothing/accesories, avoid crossing legs, frequent inspection of legs and feet

Answer 27

occlusion of arteries located in the periphery - affects the legs mostly, from renal to popliteal arteries s/s: aching, cramping, fatigue, weakness relieved w/ rest, pain worst at night/at rest

Answer 28

occlusion of arteries in the arms and upper extremities B.P. would be inconsistent bilaterally s/s: unilateral coolness

Answer 29

or buerger's disease it is a non-athrosclerotic, recurrent inflammatory vaso-occlusive disorder resulting in microscopic thrombi of distal vessels of upper and lower extremities causes: long hx of tobacco/ marijuana use

Answer 30

it is an extreme sensitivity to cold of hands and feet causes: nicotine, chilling, emotional distress types: primary [bilateral], secondary [unilateral] tx: prevent vasoconstriction

Answer 31

or venous thrombosis it is the formation of a thrombus in association w/ inflammation of the vein types: - superficial vein thrombosis [formation of thrombus in superficial vein, it is generally a benign disorder], deep vein thrombosis [formation of thrombosis in deep vein, most commonly iliac and femoral veins are involved] -- DVT may > P.E. consequence: virchow's triad [venous stasis, damage of endothelium, hypercoagulability of blood

Answer 32

unfractionated heparin [prevents future clots from forming] - partial thromboplastin time [desired range: 2-3x average] - int'l. normalized ratio [desired range: 2-3] coumadin is an anticoagulent - prothrombin time [desired raange: 1.5-2x average - INR [desired range: 2-3] low-molecular weight heparin [less risk of thrombocytopenia than UFH] antiplatelet therapy direct thrombin inhibitors risks: bleeding, drug interactions - potentiate oral anticoagulant effects: ASA, anabolic steroids, glucagon, neomycin - decrease anticoagulant effects [dilantin, barbituates, diuretics, estrogens]

Answer 33

results of prolonged venous HTN that stretches the vein and daamages the valves damage and HTN > back-up of blood > edema difficulty eliminating waste= build-up in the tissues > staasis, ulcers, edema, cellulitis, stasis dermatitis tx: avoid sitting/standing for long periods, avoid trauma to limbs, elevate legs above level of heart to reduce edema, compression therapy, proper nutrition, exercise, moist env't. dressings

Answer 34

it is the blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat or air embolism, or tumor tissue - material eventually reaches the pulmonary vessels where it lodges and obstructs perfusion to alveoli which usually arises from the deep veins of the legs risk factors: immobolization, surgery, stroke, hx of DVT, malignancy, ovesity, smoking, HTN s/s [d/o size and extent of emboli]: DYSPNEA, hypoxemia, anxiety, tachycardia, cough, angina, hemoptysis, crackles, wheezing, fever, syncope, sudden change in mental status, hypotension, shock

Answer 35

dx - D-dimer: lab test that measure amount of cross-linked fibrin fragments that is 8x average in someone w/ thromboembolisms; condition is confirmed w/ ultrasound of CT SCAN - ventilation perfusion [V-Q] assess adequate pulmonary circulation by scanning distribution of gases throughout the lungs - pulmonary angiography is an invasive procedure that includes catheterization of the R side w/ inj. of dye into PA to visualize pulmonary vessels tx: increase gas exchange, prevent further growth of the thrombi, prevent embolization into the pulmonary vascular system, provide cardiopulmonary support, O2, elevated H.O.B., intubation/ventilation, bed rest, rapid response, drugs [anticoagulants, thrombin inhibitors, thrombolytic agents, opioid's], surgery [embolectomy] assessments: resp., CV, lower extremities for DVT's, bleeding, education of disease and process

Answer 36

it is an infection of the valves and endothelial surface of the heart that lead to deformity of the valve leaflets causes: direct invasion by bacteria or other organisms [strep. A, B, C, staph. aureus], valvular abnormalities, prosthetic valves, rheumatic heart disease, IV drug abuse [R side] s/s: chills, fever, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, micro-embolization, CNA manifestations, abd. pain, back pain, myalgia consequnces: H.F.

Answer 37

dx: recent hx of dental, surgical, invasive procedure, blood cultures, WBC, elevated ESR, elevated C-reactive protein, echocardiograph, CXR tx: treat underlying cause, surgery [valve replacement], rest, oral and body hygiene educate: IV antibiotics, temp., potential complications, prompt tx. of minor complications, prophylactic antibiotics to prevent I.E. assessment: H.F.

Answer 38

it is a diagnostic test for risk factors of CV disease that reflects inflammation in the vessels

Answer 39

it is the constriction of the `orifice and prgroessive obstruction to blood flow where the leaflets becoem stiff cause: RHEUMATIC CARDITIS s/s: fatigue, D.O.E., ccough, hemoptysis, dysrhythmia, murmur consequences: right-sided H.F., emboli

Answer 40

this allows blood to flow backward from left ventricle to atrium due to incomplete valve closure during systole consequence: LV and LA work harder to preserve CO > LA enlargement, LV dilation and hypertrophy causes: M.I., chronic rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction, infective endocarditis s/s: acute [thready peripheral pulses, cool clammy extremities, new systolic murmur, pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock], chronic [asymptomatic... sx of LV failure, we`akness, fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, orthopnea, peripheral edema, systolic murmur

Answer 41

it is a dysfunction of the mitral vale leaflets and papillary muscles or chordae which prevent the valve from closing completely and may cause leaflets to flap backwards into the LA during systole consequence: valvular regurgitation risk factors: gender [W > M], genetics cause: idiopathic s/s: asymptomatic... palpitations, angina, activity intolerance, extra heart sound, s/s of H.F. - rapid progression of condition can be fatal

Answer 42

it is the narrowing of the orifice b/w the left ventricle and the aorta causes: aging, congenital, rheumatic endocarditis s/s: dyspnea, dizziness and fainting, angina pectoris, low or normal B.P., systolic murmur consequence: HTN, H.F.

Answer 43

it is caused by inflammatory lesions that deform the flaps of the valve, preventing them from completely sealing the aortic orifice during diastole consequence: backflow from aorta to LV s/s: SEVERE HYPOTENSION, SEVERE DYSPNEA, WEAKNESS, FATIGABILITY, sx of left ventricular failure, tachycardia, bounding arterial pulses

Answer 44

tricuspid - cause: usually seen in long-time IV drug users otherwise, exclusively in pt.'s w/ known rheumatic mitral stenosis - tricuspid stenosis: right atrial enlargement pulmonary - congenital cause in children, IV drug abusers in adult - pulmonary stenosis: right ventricle enlargement consequence: right-sided H.F., increase blood volume in RA and RV s/s: peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, ascites, murmurs, JVD

Answer 45

dx: - CXR, CBC, EKG, echo., cardiac cath. tx: - cardiac cath., drugs [anticoagulants], prophylactic antibiotics to prevent I.E., hydrate, bed rest, diet [Na+ restriction], balloon angioplasty, valve replacment or reconstruction educate: s/s infection assessment: I/O

Answer 46

pre-op - pre-op. care, stop anticoag.'s, dental exam ac surgery post-op. - ICU tx, educate that they will be on anticoag.'s for the rest of their life if they underwent mechanical valve replacement

Answer 47

this constitutes a group of disease that affect the structure and function of the myocardium types: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive consequence: impaired pumping of the left ventricle > enlarges to compensate > right ventricle failure , stroke volume decrease > SNS stimulation > increased systemic vascular resistance tx: same as H.F., transplant

Answer 48

benefits: - increases CO - decreases blood lipids - decreases B.P. - increases blood flow through - coronary arteries - increases muscle mass and flexibility - assists in weight loss - improves the psychological state education - avoid over-exertion - avoid exercise outdoors in extreme temp.'s - avoid extreme hot or cold showers pc exercise - isotonic exercise [dynamic] is most beneficial [i.e. jogging]

Answer 49

med. that correct erectile dysfunction such as viagra should not be taken w/ nitro. [vasoconstricts to decrease O2 demand] b/c it can cause a dramatic drop in b.p.

Answer 50

SA node [~ 60-100 paces] > AV node [~ 40-60] > bundle of his [~ 20-40] > purkinje fibers electrical impulses cause the heart to depolarize as the heart chambers contract, to then repolarize or relax SA node - dominant pacemaker, "sinus rhythm"

Answer 51

"P" wave: atrial depolarization "PR" interval "QRS" complex: ventricular depolarization - occurs pc electrical activity passes through the AV node, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers "ST" segment: represents early ventricular repolarization - can be disturbed by M.I., ischemia, infarc. "T" wave: rapid phase of ventricular repolarization

Answer 52

it is an interference [from outside] seem on rhythm strip or monitor cause: may indicate lethal rhythm but usually it is caused by the pt. moving, loose electrodes, many more

Answer 53

each small block represents 0.04 s b/w the bolded lines are 5 small squares totaling 0.20 s count from R wave to R wave - there are several methods for counting

Answer 54

a hematologic system diagnostic study procedure: sterile procedure that lasts 5-10 [:. just given local anesthetic], requires the pt. be in the prone or side-lying position post-op. - prevent bleeding [place pressure over site of op.], check for infection, pain relief

Answer 55

it is a deficiency in # of RBC, quantity of hgb or hmt cause: a manifestation of a pathologic process s/s: stems from hypoxia types: iron-deficiency, cobalamin deficiency, folic acid deficiency, aplastic

Answer 56

causes: inadequate diet, malabsorption, blood loss, hemolysis s/s: H/A, glottitis [inflammation of tongue], cheilitis [inflammation of lips], increased total iron binding capacity [TIBC], decrease serum Fe, decrease H/H tx: drugs [iron replacement], O2, alternate rest/activity, monitor vitals, educate on med.’s, blood transfusion, diet [fiber and fluids to prevent constipation, protein and iron (i.e. red meat, liver, kidney beans, green leafy vegetables, whole grains), small frequent meals]

Answer 57

types: - hodgkin’s disease: a malignant condition caused by proliferation of abnormal, giant, multinucleated cells [Reed-Sternberg cells] located in the lymph nodes - - s/s: enlarged cervical/ axillary / inguinal nodes, fever, fatigue, night seats, weight loss, chills - non-hodgkin’s disease: a malignant neoplasms [B & T cells] of the immune system - - painless lymph node enlargement w/ s/s d/o are of disease dx: node biopsy, bone marrow studies, CXR tx: localized radiation, combo. Chemotherapy w/ localized radiation

Answer 58

characterized by a vit. B12 deficiency and lack of intrinsic factor [or pernicious anemia; I.F. takes vit. B12 from ingested foods to be supplied to the body] tx: supplemental B12 [pernicious anemia]

Answer 59

it is a suppression of the bone marrow > decreaase production of blood cells [pancytopenia: decreased RBC's/ WBC's/ platelets] tx: prevent complications from hypoxia, infection, hemorrhage nursing care: neuro assessment [lack of O2 to brain]; good hand-washing [prevent infection]; oral care; screen visitor for infection/ exposure to illness; avoid invasive procedure; prevent problems of immobility; private room; bleeding precautions; fluid and fiber intake

Answer 60

types: - primary or polycythemia vera, secondary complications: stroke [2o to thrombosis] s/s: H/A, dizziness, angina, intermittent claudication, general pruritis, paresthesas, erythomelalgia [painful burning and redness of hands and feet] tx: HYDRATION THERAPY, small frequent meals, avoid Fe supplements, avoid citrus w/ meals [increases absorption of Fe], reduce blood volume and viscosity, anti-platelets, reduce bone marrow activity w/ myelosuppressant agent, ambulate [decrease risk of thrombus]

Answer 61

primary - chronic myeloproliferative disorder arising from chromosomal mutation in stem cell - increased RBC/ WBC/ platelets - increased blood viscosity/ blood volume, congestion or organs/ tissues w/ blood - hypercoagulopathies= predisposed to clotting secondary - hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin in kidneys - increased RBC production

Answer 62

reduction of PLT's types: immune thrombocytopenic purpura [most common, an autoimmune disease, abnormal destruction of circulating PLT's], thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [deficiency of plasmaa enzymes, microemboli form and deposit in arterioles/ capillaries nursing care: ID pt.'s at risk; acute prevention [monitor for bleeding, platelet transfusions, S.E. of steroids, avoid IM inj.]; report sx., med.'s, avoid valsalva maneuver, blow nose gently

Answer 63

normal leukocyte [primary phagocytic cell] count: 4000-11000 it is a reduction in the number of neutrophils causes: clinical consequence which occurs w/ a variety of condition, iatrogenic [widespread use chemotherapy/ immunotherapy] dx: peripheral WBC count [absolute neutrophil count (ANC] <500 u/L severe risk for bacterial infection), peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy tx: alert for minor complaints that may indicate infection, blood culture and antibodies, strict handwashing, private room, avoidance of fresh fruits and veggies

Answer 64

accumulation of dysfunction cells due to loss of regulation in cell division - clogging of bone marrow > pancytopenia causes: genetic predisposition w env't. triggers s/s:: r/t bone marrow failure, anemia, thrombycytopenia, decreased number and function WBC's dx: r/t anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia nursing care: administer med.'s and monitor S.E.; help w/ effective coping strategies; assess lab reports

Answer 65

neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate bone marrow and destroy bone causes: possibly radiation, genetics s/s: SKELETAL PAIN, fractures, fatigue, easy bruising dx: labs, radiologic/ bone marrow studies, bence jones proteins in the urine tx: chemotherapy, immunosuppresives, corticosteroids nursing care: HYDRATE, move pt. carefully, ambulate, pain management, teach about remissions and exacerbations

Answer 66

``` Change in bowel habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge from body Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness ```

Answer 67

``` biopsy is the only definitive means of diagnosing cancer staging is based on: - origin of primary tumor - spreading to lymph nodes - metastasis ```

Answer 68

chemo. can be an irritant [damages intima of vein] or vesicant [cause severe local tissue breakdown and necrosis] extravasation [sx: pain, swelling, redness] s/s: coping, BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION, fatigue, skin rx.'s, N/V, xerostomia, diarrhea, anorexia, thrombyctopenia, neutropenia , alopeciaa, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive dysfunction, uretheral cystitis tx: antidote for chemo. skin grafts, stop the infusion nursing care: monitor for weight loss, small frequent low-fat meals, nutritional substances, 2-3 L of fluid per day, anti-emetics, continue daily activities

Final Flashcards

(93 cards)