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Biomechanics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Three applications of biomechanics

A

basic movements, elite movements, dysfunctional movements

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1
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

All forms of function and action

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2
Q

problem identification model

A

background, causes, data, effects, economics, needs

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3
Q

preliminary ideas model

A

new approach, list ideas, notes, sketches, brainstorm, conceive

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4
Q

forensic definition

A

the application of expert scientific knowledge to legal problems

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5
Q

Daubert principles

A

is science present?
can the expert’s methodology be tested and has it been??
published under peer review?
acceptable rate of error?
methodology acceptable in scientific community?
used prior to trial, outside of trial?

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6
Q

Hippocrates

A

documented relationships b/w fall height, landing on surface and features of head injury/fatality

people jumped off cliffs and he looked at their skulls

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7
Q

de haven

A

pilot in First World War (survived mid air collision)
integrity of cockpit and seat harness
making things crash worthy

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8
Q

cairns

A

accidents and fatalities of WW2 motorcyclists

made helmets to endure impact on front and sides, not just crown

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9
Q

lane

A

ww2

planes should be air worthy and crash worthy

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10
Q

car crashworthiness wasn’t a major design consideration until…

A

1960s

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11
Q

gurdijan

A

car crashworthiness on cadavers 1940s

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12
Q

Stapp

A

car crashworthiness on volunteers 1940s

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13
Q

mathewson and severy

A

dummies and high speed film for crashworthiness 1950s

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14
Q

neck and cervical vertebrae functions

A 
support skull
shock absorber for brain
protect neural and vascular materials
paths for neuromuscular bundles
provide muscle attachment points
extensive range of movement
integrate eyes, head, body and environmentq
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15
Q

neck injury criterion

A

applied force and torque must exceed tissue tolerance level

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16
Q

whiplash incidents higher in cars b/c

A

newer seats are stiffer (more force to trunk)

newer bumpers stiffer and dissipate less energy

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17
Q

effects of whiplash

A

neck pain, dizziness, headaches, soft tissue trauma (potential ligament damage)

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18
Q

problems when faced with neck pain and soft tissue trauma

A

they don’t measure well and can last a long time

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19
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

something at rest wants to stay at rest while something in motion wants to stay in motion

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20
Q

mechanics of a car accident whiplash

A

lordosis initial head position, last stationary mass is head, distance b/w headrest and shoulders=head stationary for longer, retraction pushes bottom of spine fwd. no motion in low cervical. fwd flexion of high cervical due to reflex muscle action. differential translation creates s curve in extension, ends with contact with massive reflexive contraction of neck muscles in contact with headrest. brain in skull runs into top (coup) then fwd (contre-coup) of skull.

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21
Q

high retention seat characteristics

A 
perimeter frame seat back
strong frame structure
strong recliners
open seat back
pelvic strap
pocketing into seat back
pelvic drop on rear loading
high, forward head restraint
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22
Q

braune and fisher

A

high voltage photo electric tubes strapped to people with an electrical isolation thick rubber suit.
all night tested for continuous exposure of light tubes
accurate timing and fixed scale

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23
Q

david sutherland

A

balls to display movement

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24
etienne jules marey
spacial error for using one picture motion capture (cuts off key details)
25
requirements for quantitative kinematic biomechanics
scale-consistently accurate known relationship b/w video and spacial units time-consistently accurate b/w sequential images fixed reference
26
kinematics
space and time relationship
27
angular kinematics
angular space and time relationship | angular displacement, velocity and acceleration
28
displacement
movement with directional sense
29
velocity
change in displacement/change in time
30
acceleration
change in velocity/change in time
31
biomechanical plausibility
science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not injury will be present make or apply the same specialty of biomec to find plausible measurement plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load
32
occupational biomechanics
chronic, repetitive, cumulative loading with additional stressors such as temp physically demanding jobs can exceed tolerances of soft tissues
33
da vinci
engineering with anatomy and physiology
34
galileo galilei
human motion | bone strength and size relationships
35
giovani borelli
animal motion and muscle action
36
isaac newton
principles of solid mechanics
37
da vinci drawing of neck load capacity
accurate representation with reduced validity detailed specification for critical parameters logical simplification of additional parameters
38
dr. stu mcgill
related boat model to back injury recovery
39
motion segment of lumbar spine
two vertebral bodies; intervening soft tissues
40
central portion of spine function
vertebral canal CNS travels through bilateral projections from spinal cord
41
posterior portion of spine
``` guides movement supports load vertical compression spinous process transverse process flacets ```
42
anterior portion of spine
supports load vertebral body cartilage end plate intervertebral disc (usually injured part)
43
nucleus pulposus
consistency of toothpaste layer with fibre (rigid dense ropey) next layer reverses direction vertical resistance horizontal resistance (twisting)
44
effect of smoking on back
hard on discs. kills capillary bed and blood vessels = reduced oxygen heightened disc degeneration at every lumbar level esp. L5-S1
45
disc spinal injury
``` disc changes shape when overloaded and pinches nerve may not be constant but is progressive permanent and problematic dorsal nerve roots can drop down cannot easily change back shape of disc bulges can be removed ```
46
slipped discs
not a thing, only protruding or bulging
47
compressive force (straight up and down) on spine
5000-10000 N in healthy condition one time or less multiple times fatigue-mobility or liquid loss end plate fracture-seeps through then destroyed by cancellous immune system
48
shear force (sideways) on spine
much less strength | <1000 N in healthy disc
49
flexion (stretching) on spine
changing shape alters resistance = not as able to handle compression required for compression injuries increase fibre strain on annulus posterior pressure on nucleus increase interspinous strain (anterior shear forces)
50
torsion/lateral bending (twisting)
radial fissure in annulus raise risk for herniation unloads half of annulus fibres increase compression effect
51
kinetics
causes of motion forces and movements trying to cause change in space/time eg.measures of muscle activity
52
forces
interactions between two objects one trying to change the motion state of the other by pushing or pulling it can produce motion, stop motion, change direction of motion or do nothing but try
53
vector
``` parameters to work with behaviour point of application line of action angle (sense) magnitude and direction ```
54
resolving vectors - components at right angles
range of behaviours, postures and applications | resolved with perpendicular components, using principles of right angle triangles
55
resolving vectors is useful because
it allows us to look at contributions to vectors in single dimensions it allows us to model more complicated systems
56
rotary force
provides movement
57
stabilizing force
restricts rotation
58
anatomical simplification
single equivalent muscle with fixed lever arm
59
strengths of anatomical simplification
convenient completely determined from external forces and joint kinematics good threshold solutions
60
limitations of anatomical simplification
over-simplification (there are other muscles and soft tissues involved) not individualized for anatomy (difference in ranges between people) no dynamic aspect (fatigue/discomfort) no consideration of antagonists/true 3D
61
teeter totter principle
the more the head bends forward, the greater load on muscles, joint compression and risk of injury
62
steps of whiplash
lordosis-slight arch retraction pushes bottom of spine forward differential translation (s-curve in extension) contact with massive reflexive contraction of back muscles or contact with headrest brain hits back of skull (coup) then bounces back to front of skull (contre-coup)
63
biomechanical plausibility
science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not an injury would be present finds plausible measurement determines plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load
64
tissue engineering nucleus pulposus
unconstrained and minimal strength makes it easy to match
65
tissue engineering whole intervertebral disk
challenging because there are disparate tissues, cartilage endplates, vascularization, implantation and growth
66
Foot motion
3 axes, 3 planes, similar motions to wrist plantar flexion/dorsiflexion eversion/inversion abduction/adduction
67
Mann's Mitred Hinge
external rotation of the tibia creates inversion of talus and secondary inversion of subtalus internal rotation of tibia creates eversion of talus and secondary eversion of subtalus coordinated motion
68
truss and windlass model
coordinated strength
69
heel
coordinated protection | fat filled columns perpendicular to skin surface isolated by diagonal elastic fibres
70
3 system requirements for gait
intrinsic and extrinsic stability of multi segmented structure dynamic energy source (muscles) that can be manipulated to produce an external reaction a dynamic, closed-loop system on both 1 and 2**big requirement
71
intrinsic stability
bones connected at arthroses by capsules and ligaments bony configuration soft tissues and muscle activity keeps system stable
72
extrinsic stability
area of contact interface between system and environment
73
dynamic energy source
can control rate and magnitude
74
Phases of gait
initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
75
initial contact
sometimes touchdown or heel strike | plantar flexion into full contact
76
loading response
limb accepting BW Body movement in positive ML and anterior directions subtalar eversion to cushion shock
77
mid stance
Com at top position
78
terminal stance
SW ready for touchdown ST knee flex and ankle dorsiflexion Body advances forward
79
Pre Swing
double support rapid unloading of com ST in extension for furthest reach need dorsiflexion for displacement, plantar flexion for velocity
80
initial swing
foot leaves ground knee flex, ankle dorsiflex moment of inertia gets rid of extra activity, leg rotates more easily
81
mid swing
expending potential energy to bring com to the anterior | need dorsiflexion for clearance
82
Strokes
dorsiflexion weakness--> excess plantar flexion-> AFO (boot)-->restricted plantar flexion--> limited propulsion
83
double limb support
maximum stability | normal movement
84
single limb support
little support | quicker steps due to decreased stability
85
Running
ROM of LE joints increases with increasing speed body lowers mass by increasing flexion at hip and knee and increasing dorsiflexion at ankle increase step length by increasing hip flexion decrease resistance by increasing knee flexion stance, float and swing
86
walking
stance and swing
87
initiation
stable to release release to unload smooth transition from stable to unstable must move mass outside base of support
88
stable to release
deactivate plantar flexors | fire swing side hip abductors
89
release to unload
deactivate swing hip abductors | fire stance hip abductors
90
parts of a prosthetic leg
``` stump socket pylon appendage joints ```
91
joints
fixed energy store/return powered (can be with neurosignals)
92
fixed walking
inefficient and power comes from hip
93
kinematics
descriptions of motion (space and time) without consideration of CAUSE of motion - displacement, velocity, acceleration eg. space and time referenced - we dont know cause of motion

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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