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Biomechanics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Three applications of biomechanics

A

basic movements, elite movements, dysfunctional movements

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1
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

All forms of function and action

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2
Q

problem identification model

A

background, causes, data, effects, economics, needs

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3
Q

preliminary ideas model

A

new approach, list ideas, notes, sketches, brainstorm, conceive

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4
Q

forensic definition

A

the application of expert scientific knowledge to legal problems

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5
Q

Daubert principles

A

is science present?
can the expert’s methodology be tested and has it been??
published under peer review?
acceptable rate of error?
methodology acceptable in scientific community?
used prior to trial, outside of trial?

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6
Q

Hippocrates

A

documented relationships b/w fall height, landing on surface and features of head injury/fatality

people jumped off cliffs and he looked at their skulls

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7
Q

de haven

A

pilot in First World War (survived mid air collision)
integrity of cockpit and seat harness
making things crash worthy

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8
Q

cairns

A

accidents and fatalities of WW2 motorcyclists

made helmets to endure impact on front and sides, not just crown

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9
Q

lane

A

ww2

planes should be air worthy and crash worthy

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10
Q

car crashworthiness wasn’t a major design consideration until…

A

1960s

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11
Q

gurdijan

A

car crashworthiness on cadavers 1940s

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12
Q

Stapp

A

car crashworthiness on volunteers 1940s

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13
Q

mathewson and severy

A

dummies and high speed film for crashworthiness 1950s

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14
Q

neck and cervical vertebrae functions

A 
support skull
shock absorber for brain
protect neural and vascular materials
paths for neuromuscular bundles
provide muscle attachment points
extensive range of movement
integrate eyes, head, body and environmentq
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15
Q

neck injury criterion

A

applied force and torque must exceed tissue tolerance level

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16
Q

whiplash incidents higher in cars b/c

A

newer seats are stiffer (more force to trunk)

newer bumpers stiffer and dissipate less energy

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17
Q

effects of whiplash

A

neck pain, dizziness, headaches, soft tissue trauma (potential ligament damage)

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18
Q

problems when faced with neck pain and soft tissue trauma

A

they don’t measure well and can last a long time

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19
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

something at rest wants to stay at rest while something in motion wants to stay in motion

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20
Q

mechanics of a car accident whiplash

A

lordosis initial head position, last stationary mass is head, distance b/w headrest and shoulders=head stationary for longer, retraction pushes bottom of spine fwd. no motion in low cervical. fwd flexion of high cervical due to reflex muscle action. differential translation creates s curve in extension, ends with contact with massive reflexive contraction of neck muscles in contact with headrest. brain in skull runs into top (coup) then fwd (contre-coup) of skull.

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21
Q

high retention seat characteristics

A 
perimeter frame seat back
strong frame structure
strong recliners
open seat back
pelvic strap
pocketing into seat back
pelvic drop on rear loading
high, forward head restraint
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22
Q

braune and fisher

A

high voltage photo electric tubes strapped to people with an electrical isolation thick rubber suit.
all night tested for continuous exposure of light tubes
accurate timing and fixed scale

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23
Q

david sutherland

A

balls to display movement

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24
Q

etienne jules marey

A

spacial error for using one picture motion capture (cuts off key details)

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25
Q

requirements for quantitative kinematic biomechanics

A

scale-consistently accurate known relationship b/w video and spacial units
time-consistently accurate b/w sequential images
fixed reference

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26
Q

kinematics

A

space and time relationship

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27
Q

angular kinematics

A

angular space and time relationship

angular displacement, velocity and acceleration

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28
Q

displacement

A

movement with directional sense

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29
Q

velocity

A

change in displacement/change in time

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30
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity/change in time

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31
Q

biomechanical plausibility

A

science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not injury will be present
make or apply the same specialty of biomec to find plausible measurement
plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load

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32
Q

occupational biomechanics

A

chronic, repetitive, cumulative loading with additional stressors such as temp
physically demanding jobs can exceed tolerances of soft tissues

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33
Q

da vinci

A

engineering with anatomy and physiology

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34
Q

galileo galilei

A

human motion

bone strength and size relationships

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35
Q

giovani borelli

A

animal motion and muscle action

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36
Q

isaac newton

A

principles of solid mechanics

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37
Q

da vinci drawing of neck load capacity

A

accurate representation with reduced validity
detailed specification for critical parameters
logical simplification of additional parameters

38
Q

dr. stu mcgill

A

related boat model to back injury recovery

39
Q

motion segment of lumbar spine

A

two vertebral bodies; intervening soft tissues

40
Q

central portion of spine function

A

vertebral canal
CNS travels through
bilateral projections from spinal cord

41
Q

posterior portion of spine

A 
guides movement
supports load
vertical compression
spinous process
transverse process
flacets
42
Q

anterior portion of spine

A

supports load
vertebral body
cartilage end plate
intervertebral disc (usually injured part)

43
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

consistency of toothpaste
layer with fibre (rigid dense ropey) next layer reverses direction
vertical resistance
horizontal resistance (twisting)

44
Q

effect of smoking on back

A

hard on discs. kills capillary bed and blood vessels = reduced oxygen
heightened disc degeneration at every lumbar level esp. L5-S1

45
Q

disc spinal injury

A 
disc changes shape when overloaded and pinches nerve
may not be constant but is progressive
permanent and problematic
dorsal nerve roots can drop down 
cannot easily change back shape of disc
bulges can be removed
46
Q

slipped discs

A

not a thing, only protruding or bulging

47
Q

compressive force (straight up and down) on spine

A

5000-10000 N in healthy condition one time or less multiple times
fatigue-mobility or liquid loss
end plate fracture-seeps through then destroyed by cancellous immune system

48
Q

shear force (sideways) on spine

A

much less strength

<1000 N in healthy disc

49
Q

flexion (stretching) on spine

A

changing shape alters resistance = not as able to handle compression
required for compression injuries
increase fibre strain on annulus
posterior pressure on nucleus
increase interspinous strain (anterior shear forces)

50
Q

torsion/lateral bending (twisting)

A

radial fissure in annulus
raise risk for herniation
unloads half of annulus fibres
increase compression effect

51
Q

kinetics

A

causes of motion
forces and movements trying to cause change in space/time
eg.measures of muscle activity

52
Q

forces

A

interactions between two objects
one trying to change the motion state of the other by pushing or pulling it
can produce motion, stop motion, change direction of motion or do nothing but try

53
Q

vector

A 
parameters to work with behaviour
point of application
line of action
angle (sense)
magnitude and direction
54
Q

resolving vectors - components at right angles

A

range of behaviours, postures and applications

resolved with perpendicular components, using principles of right angle triangles

55
Q

resolving vectors is useful because

A

it allows us to look at contributions to vectors in single dimensions
it allows us to model more complicated systems

56
Q

rotary force

A

provides movement

57
Q

stabilizing force

A

restricts rotation

58
Q

anatomical simplification

A

single equivalent muscle with fixed lever arm

59
Q

strengths of anatomical simplification

A

convenient
completely determined from external forces and joint kinematics
good threshold solutions

60
Q

limitations of anatomical simplification

A

over-simplification (there are other muscles and soft tissues involved)
not individualized for anatomy (difference in ranges between people)
no dynamic aspect (fatigue/discomfort)
no consideration of antagonists/true 3D

61
Q

teeter totter principle

A

the more the head bends forward, the greater load on muscles, joint compression and risk of injury

62
Q

steps of whiplash

A

lordosis-slight arch
retraction pushes bottom of spine forward
differential translation (s-curve in extension)
contact with massive reflexive contraction of back muscles or contact with headrest
brain hits back of skull (coup) then bounces back to front of skull (contre-coup)

63
Q

biomechanical plausibility

A

science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not an injury would be present
finds plausible measurement
determines plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load

64
Q

tissue engineering nucleus pulposus

A

unconstrained and minimal strength makes it easy to match

65
Q

tissue engineering whole intervertebral disk

A

challenging because there are disparate tissues, cartilage endplates, vascularization, implantation and growth

66
Q

Foot motion

A

3 axes, 3 planes, similar motions to wrist
plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
eversion/inversion
abduction/adduction

67
Q

Mann’s Mitred Hinge

A

external rotation of the tibia creates inversion of talus and secondary inversion of subtalus
internal rotation of tibia creates eversion of talus and secondary eversion of subtalus
coordinated motion

68
Q

truss and windlass model

A

coordinated strength

69
Q

heel

A

coordinated protection

fat filled columns perpendicular to skin surface isolated by diagonal elastic fibres

70
Q

3 system requirements for gait

A

intrinsic and extrinsic stability of multi segmented structure
dynamic energy source (muscles) that can be manipulated to produce an external reaction
a dynamic, closed-loop system on both 1 and 2**big requirement

71
Q

intrinsic stability

A

bones connected at arthroses by capsules and ligaments
bony configuration
soft tissues and muscle activity keeps system stable

72
Q

extrinsic stability

A

area of contact interface between system and environment

73
Q

dynamic energy source

A

can control rate and magnitude

74
Q

Phases of gait

A

initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

75
Q

initial contact

A

sometimes touchdown or heel strike

plantar flexion into full contact

76
Q

loading response

A

limb accepting BW
Body movement in positive ML and anterior directions
subtalar eversion to cushion shock

77
Q

mid stance

A

Com at top position

78
Q

terminal stance

A

SW ready for touchdown
ST knee flex and ankle dorsiflexion
Body advances forward

79
Q

Pre Swing

A

double support
rapid unloading of com
ST in extension for furthest reach
need dorsiflexion for displacement, plantar flexion for velocity

80
Q

initial swing

A

foot leaves ground
knee flex, ankle dorsiflex
moment of inertia gets rid of extra activity, leg rotates more easily

81
Q

mid swing

A

expending potential energy to bring com to the anterior

need dorsiflexion for clearance

82
Q

Strokes

A

dorsiflexion weakness–> excess plantar flexion-> AFO (boot)–>restricted plantar flexion–> limited propulsion

83
Q

double limb support

A

maximum stability

normal movement

84
Q

single limb support

A

little support

quicker steps due to decreased stability

85
Q

Running

A

ROM of LE joints increases with increasing speed
body lowers mass by increasing flexion at hip and knee and increasing dorsiflexion at ankle
increase step length by increasing hip flexion
decrease resistance by increasing knee flexion
stance, float and swing

86
Q

walking

A

stance and swing

87
Q

initiation

A

stable to release
release to unload
smooth transition from stable to unstable
must move mass outside base of support

88
Q

stable to release

A

deactivate plantar flexors

fire swing side hip abductors

89
Q

release to unload

A

deactivate swing hip abductors

fire stance hip abductors

90
Q

parts of a prosthetic leg

A 
stump
socket
pylon
appendage
joints
91
Q

joints

A

fixed
energy store/return
powered (can be with neurosignals)

92
Q

fixed walking

A

inefficient and power comes from hip

93
Q

kinematics

A

descriptions of motion (space and time) without consideration of CAUSE of motion

  • displacement, velocity, acceleration
    eg. space and time referenced - we dont know cause of motion

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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