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Biomechanics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

diminishment is seen in Parkinson’s patients

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2
Q

Paradoxical Kinesia

A

Parkinson’s patients had approximately the same reaction time as a control group when an object moved quickly but took much longer when it was stationary

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3
Q

What is the paradoxical kinesia caused by

A

transient motor blocks

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4
Q

4 methods for testing transient motor blocks

A

Motion analysis
EMG
force plate
PLATO goggles

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5
Q

Challenge of reaching for glasses with parkinsons

A

Possibility of knocking over glass full of water (alters duration)

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6
Q

7 Static phases Parkinson’s on meds

A 
Reduced delay
Preplanning
improved movement initiation
Limited phase duration
Overall kinematic improvement
Improved structure of reach and transition
reautomization of movement with I-dopa
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7
Q

Attention

A

limited capacity
environmental context
conscious control

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8
Q

Attentional interface

A

attention
movement preparation
Output

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9
Q

Reaching over gap in floor parkinsons movement (3)

A

Late hip strategy
Functional mismatch with threat
keep weight back versus reaching forward

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10
Q

Deka arm (Luke arm) describe

A

Modular, lightweight, agile, customizable, Direct control, thumb sensor for direct feedback

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11
Q

What is the deka arm controlled by

A

nerves, muscles or foot pedals

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12
Q

VA Arm (4)

A

Indirect
targeted muscle reinnervation (phantom limb control)
connected to 4 nerves in chest
can feel hand in chest nerves

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13
Q

Where is the VA arm controlled from

A

movement in chest muscles

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14
Q

Central prosthetics are controlled from

A

brain

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15
Q

BCI Prosthetic (3)

A

Electrodes send or receive info from brain
Neuromechanics and ADLs work together
large level of dexterity

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16
Q

Modelling bony tissues

A

bone development from immature to mature

Osteoblasts produce new bone under stress

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17
Q

Remodelling bony tissues

A

Bone repair and maintenance
Balanced process
Osteoblasts form new bone
Osteoclasts resorb old bone

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18
Q

What is the development of bony tissues influenced by

A

mechanical stresses

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19
Q

Elastic region

A

how far the material can stretch without permanent deformity

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20
Q

Plastic region

A

material permanently changed due to overload of stress exceeding stretch capacity

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21
Q

Broken bones are caused by

A

a combination of bending, torsion and compression

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22
Q

3 Point bending (boot top fracture)

A

Top of bone falls forwards while top of boot pushes oppositely on bone

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23
Q

Torsion causes what kind of fracture

A

spiral or diagonal

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24
Q

Recovery from a break (4)

A

Inflammatory response
loose or spongey matrix
Tight matrix or callus
Resorbed to new normal

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25
Q

What happens if gap between bones is too large

A

spongey matrix never forms

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26
Q

What happens if gap between bones is too small?

A

not enough loading on callus to resorb new material

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27
Q

Fixation

A

Active

Passive

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28
Q

Active fixation

A

tension

plate

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29
Q

Old bone is more

A

porous and easily broken

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30
Q

Low loaded bone

A

Elastic region different
Small flat plastic region
Easily strained

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31
Q

Epileptic patients and bone content

A

decreased due to vitamin D deficiency from meds

Seizures disrupt bone remodelling

32
Q

High loaded bone (Ilizarov technique)

A

External fixation
Loads bone for osteoblast activity
can change tension in rings

33
Q

Osteoperosis

A

Large pores in bone matrix
Thin cortical bone
Thin trabeculae

34
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Worn cartilage
rough weight-bearing surface
narrow joint space (loss of cartilage)
bone spurs

35
Q

Total hip replacement

A

Charnley
metal stem bearing against plastic cup
stem hammered into ball long bone
Cup glued into socket

36
Q

Design issues of THR

A

Wear the bearing surface
younger patients
stress shielding
elastic mismatch

37
Q

Wearing the bearing surface

A

plastic cup

loosening of metallic femoral head

38
Q

Younger patients

A

Fracture of femoral stem

lifelong loosening of fixation

39
Q

Stress shielding

A

implant taking more loading

bone resorbs

40
Q

Elastic mismatch

A

rigid THR stem

biological flexible femur

41
Q

THR design conundrum

A

thinner stem vs thicker stem

42
Q

Thinner stem

A

more elastic
better load transfer
easy to fracture
smaller surfaces for load bearing

43
Q

Thicker stem

A

less elastic
little load transfer
resistant to fracture
larger surfaces for load bearing

44
Q

Solving THR Conundrum

A

Clinical biomechanics
experimental biomechanics
Alternate THR designs

45
Q

Alternate THR designs

A

Thrust THR

Large surface THR

46
Q

Total knee replacement

A

Gunston
metal stem bearing against plastic cup
stem hammered into distal long bone
cup glued to proximal long bone

47
Q

Gait analysis

A

movements

forces

48
Q

What does gait analysis provide

A

functional assessment and design/redesign criteria for joint replacements

49
Q

Neck mechanics

A

supports skull
shock absorber for brain
protect neural and vascular materials
Extensive ROM

50
Q

Spine mechanics

A

Load displacement
mobility
support

51
Q

Foot mechanics

A

everything the wrist can do

52
Q

Knee mechanics

A 
Joint of two of the longest bones
3 planes (multi axle)
53
Q

Biomechanics def

A

all forms of function and action

54
Q

forensics

A

application of expert scientific knowledge to legal problems

55
Q

biomechanical plausibility

A

causation
science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not an injury would be present
plausible measurement
plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load

56
Q

Kinematics

A

Descriptions of motion not related to cause but of time and space. Video must include scale, time, fixed reference, displacement, velocity, acceleration

57
Q

Occupational biomechanics

A

explaining how musculoskeletal systems can be overloaded and fail when people perform various manual activities in an occupation

58
Q

Kinetics

A

Cause of motion attempting to change time and space

59
Q

Static friction

A

will resist motion and counteract any applied force up to a certain max where friction is overcome by motion

60
Q

biological signal

A

detectable peice of info that characterizes some or all of the behaviour (structure or function) of a tissue or biological process under study

61
Q

Cairns

A

changed helmet design to withstand impact from front and sides after viewing motorcycle accidents

62
Q

Backpack

A

designing a backpack for soldiers in relation to their movements and load distribution
sensors to establish load/motion changes
feed forward system

63
Q

Theatre

A

meyerhold combines moving and thinking to create acting
uses his etudes
extensive full body movements
physical formation of movement

64
Q

Ways to improve running

A

increase speed by increase rom
increase step length by increase hip flexion
decrease resistance by increase knee flexion

65
Q

Sports technique improvement

A

comparison and analysis of techniques for further understanding and correction
joint motions and angles that cause injury
computer modelling

66
Q

Whiplash

A

neck pain
dizziness
soft tissue trauma
headaches

67
Q

intervertebral disc

A

torsion, shear and compressive form bulging and breakage of cartilage
disc changes shape

68
Q

Prosthetics

A

free walking versus fixed

connecting through nerves, muscles and external control to prosthetics

69
Q

Ligament behaviour in recovery

A

not as quick as bones

less collagen, more proteoglycans, smaller diameter collagen fibrils

70
Q

Anatomical simplification method

A

single equivalent muscle with fixed lever arm

71
Q

Mann’s mitred hinge

A

External rotation of tibia creates inversion of talus and secondary inversion of subtalus
Internal rotation of tibia creates eversion of talus and secondary eversion of subtalus
Coordinated motion

72
Q

Screw home mechanism

A

Tibia pushed down then pulled up in extension (with external rotation)
Tibia pushed up then pulled down in flexion (with internal rotation)

73
Q

Four bar linkage

A

ACL and PCL working together to glide the knee in the joint

74
Q

Whiplash injury prevention

A

high retention seat

minimize distance between headrest and head/shoulders

75
Q

Phases of gait

A 
Initial Contact
Loading response
Mid stance
Terminal stance
Pre swing
Initial swing
mid swing
Terminal swing
76
Q

Effectiveness of lifting shoes

A

force plates and lifting a basket to determine best show

seeing how they affect knee as well as balance in the lift

77
Q

Gait observation experimentation

A

testing gait and force exerted in feet with video motion analysis and force plates

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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