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Biomechanics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

diminishment is seen in Parkinson’s patients

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2
Q

Paradoxical Kinesia

A

Parkinson’s patients had approximately the same reaction time as a control group when an object moved quickly but took much longer when it was stationary

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3
Q

What is the paradoxical kinesia caused by

A

transient motor blocks

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4
Q

4 methods for testing transient motor blocks

A

Motion analysis
EMG
force plate
PLATO goggles

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5
Q

Challenge of reaching for glasses with parkinsons

A

Possibility of knocking over glass full of water (alters duration)

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6
Q

7 Static phases Parkinson’s on meds

A 
Reduced delay
Preplanning
improved movement initiation
Limited phase duration
Overall kinematic improvement
Improved structure of reach and transition
reautomization of movement with I-dopa
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7
Q

Attention

A

limited capacity
environmental context
conscious control

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8
Q

Attentional interface

A

attention
movement preparation
Output

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9
Q

Reaching over gap in floor parkinsons movement (3)

A

Late hip strategy
Functional mismatch with threat
keep weight back versus reaching forward

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10
Q

Deka arm (Luke arm) describe

A

Modular, lightweight, agile, customizable, Direct control, thumb sensor for direct feedback

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11
Q

What is the deka arm controlled by

A

nerves, muscles or foot pedals

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12
Q

VA Arm (4)

A

Indirect
targeted muscle reinnervation (phantom limb control)
connected to 4 nerves in chest
can feel hand in chest nerves

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13
Q

Where is the VA arm controlled from

A

movement in chest muscles

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14
Q

Central prosthetics are controlled from

A

brain

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15
Q

BCI Prosthetic (3)

A

Electrodes send or receive info from brain
Neuromechanics and ADLs work together
large level of dexterity

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16
Q

Modelling bony tissues

A

bone development from immature to mature

Osteoblasts produce new bone under stress

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17
Q

Remodelling bony tissues

A

Bone repair and maintenance
Balanced process
Osteoblasts form new bone
Osteoclasts resorb old bone

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18
Q

What is the development of bony tissues influenced by

A

mechanical stresses

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19
Q

Elastic region

A

how far the material can stretch without permanent deformity

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20
Q

Plastic region

A

material permanently changed due to overload of stress exceeding stretch capacity

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21
Q

Broken bones are caused by

A

a combination of bending, torsion and compression

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22
Q

3 Point bending (boot top fracture)

A

Top of bone falls forwards while top of boot pushes oppositely on bone

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23
Q

Torsion causes what kind of fracture

A

spiral or diagonal

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24
Q

Recovery from a break (4)

A

Inflammatory response
loose or spongey matrix
Tight matrix or callus
Resorbed to new normal

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25
What happens if gap between bones is too large
spongey matrix never forms
26
What happens if gap between bones is too small?
not enough loading on callus to resorb new material
27
Fixation
Active | Passive
28
Active fixation
tension | plate
29
Old bone is more
porous and easily broken
30
Low loaded bone
Elastic region different Small flat plastic region Easily strained
31
Epileptic patients and bone content
decreased due to vitamin D deficiency from meds | Seizures disrupt bone remodelling
32
High loaded bone (Ilizarov technique)
External fixation Loads bone for osteoblast activity can change tension in rings
33
Osteoperosis
Large pores in bone matrix Thin cortical bone Thin trabeculae
34
Osteoarthritis
Worn cartilage rough weight-bearing surface narrow joint space (loss of cartilage) bone spurs
35
Total hip replacement
Charnley metal stem bearing against plastic cup stem hammered into ball long bone Cup glued into socket
36
Design issues of THR
Wear the bearing surface younger patients stress shielding elastic mismatch
37
Wearing the bearing surface
plastic cup | loosening of metallic femoral head
38
Younger patients
Fracture of femoral stem | lifelong loosening of fixation
39
Stress shielding
implant taking more loading | bone resorbs
40
Elastic mismatch
rigid THR stem | biological flexible femur
41
THR design conundrum
thinner stem vs thicker stem
42
Thinner stem
more elastic better load transfer easy to fracture smaller surfaces for load bearing
43
Thicker stem
less elastic little load transfer resistant to fracture larger surfaces for load bearing
44
Solving THR Conundrum
Clinical biomechanics experimental biomechanics Alternate THR designs
45
Alternate THR designs
Thrust THR | Large surface THR
46
Total knee replacement
Gunston metal stem bearing against plastic cup stem hammered into distal long bone cup glued to proximal long bone
47
Gait analysis
movements | forces
48
What does gait analysis provide
functional assessment and design/redesign criteria for joint replacements
49
Neck mechanics
supports skull shock absorber for brain protect neural and vascular materials Extensive ROM
50
Spine mechanics
Load displacement mobility support
51
Foot mechanics
everything the wrist can do
52
Knee mechanics
``` Joint of two of the longest bones 3 planes (multi axle) ```
53
Biomechanics def
all forms of function and action
54
forensics
application of expert scientific knowledge to legal problems
55
biomechanical plausibility
causation science of determining causation of effect and threshold of whether or not an injury would be present plausible measurement plausible load on soft tissue and effect of said load
56
Kinematics
Descriptions of motion not related to cause but of time and space. Video must include scale, time, fixed reference, displacement, velocity, acceleration
57
Occupational biomechanics
explaining how musculoskeletal systems can be overloaded and fail when people perform various manual activities in an occupation
58
Kinetics
Cause of motion attempting to change time and space
59
Static friction
will resist motion and counteract any applied force up to a certain max where friction is overcome by motion
60
biological signal
detectable peice of info that characterizes some or all of the behaviour (structure or function) of a tissue or biological process under study
61
Cairns
changed helmet design to withstand impact from front and sides after viewing motorcycle accidents
62
Backpack
designing a backpack for soldiers in relation to their movements and load distribution sensors to establish load/motion changes feed forward system
63
Theatre
meyerhold combines moving and thinking to create acting uses his etudes extensive full body movements physical formation of movement
64
Ways to improve running
increase speed by increase rom increase step length by increase hip flexion decrease resistance by increase knee flexion
65
Sports technique improvement
comparison and analysis of techniques for further understanding and correction joint motions and angles that cause injury computer modelling
66
Whiplash
neck pain dizziness soft tissue trauma headaches
67
intervertebral disc
torsion, shear and compressive form bulging and breakage of cartilage disc changes shape
68
Prosthetics
free walking versus fixed | connecting through nerves, muscles and external control to prosthetics
69
Ligament behaviour in recovery
not as quick as bones | less collagen, more proteoglycans, smaller diameter collagen fibrils
70
Anatomical simplification method
single equivalent muscle with fixed lever arm
71
Mann's mitred hinge
External rotation of tibia creates inversion of talus and secondary inversion of subtalus Internal rotation of tibia creates eversion of talus and secondary eversion of subtalus Coordinated motion
72
Screw home mechanism
Tibia pushed down then pulled up in extension (with external rotation) Tibia pushed up then pulled down in flexion (with internal rotation)
73
Four bar linkage
ACL and PCL working together to glide the knee in the joint
74
Whiplash injury prevention
high retention seat | minimize distance between headrest and head/shoulders
75
Phases of gait
``` Initial Contact Loading response Mid stance Terminal stance Pre swing Initial swing mid swing Terminal swing ```
76
Effectiveness of lifting shoes
force plates and lifting a basket to determine best show | seeing how they affect knee as well as balance in the lift
77
Gait observation experimentation
testing gait and force exerted in feet with video motion analysis and force plates

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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