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Biomechanics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most frequent site of acute joint trauma

A

Knee

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2
Q

The knee joint is one with the longest bones attached. What does this mean?

A

Longest moment arms

Highest moment and forces

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3
Q

2 joints of the knee

A

Tibiofemoral

Patellofemoral

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4
Q

3 major planes

A

Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal

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5
Q

Sagittal motion of the knee (full degrees)

A

Full extension at 0˚

Full flexion at 140˚

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6
Q

What plane has the greatest movement in the knee

A

Sagittal

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7
Q

Sagittal motion of knee during walking

A

Max 75˚ flexion near midswing

Min 5˚ flexion surrounding loading response

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8
Q

Transverse motion of knee

A

Internal or external rotation

Influenced by flexion and extension in sagittal

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9
Q

Full extension and Transverse motion of knee

A

no rotation-femoral and tibial condyles interlock

Increases moment arm of limb and ankle weight

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10
Q

Forces of extension mechanism

A

Pull patella almost parallel to femur in extension

Pull patella into femur in flexion

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11
Q

Force output of quads as extension increases

A

Increases

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12
Q

Flexion and transverse motion of knee

A

Rotation max at 90˚
External 30-45˚
Internal 0-30˚

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13
Q

Frontal motion

A

Abduction or Adduction

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14
Q

Flexion and frontal motion in knee

A

passive ad/ab of up to 30˚ flex

Soft tissue resistance after 30˚flex

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15
Q

Screw home mechanism

A

Tibia pushed down and pulled up in extension - external rotation
Tibia pushed up and pulled down in flexion - Internal rotation

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16
Q

Advantage of multiaxial knee

A

More stable in any position than a hinge joint

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17
Q

Sliding

A

Femoral contact changes
tibial contact remains the same
impingement

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18
Q

Rolling

A

Femoral contact and tibial contact changes

dislocation

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19
Q

Sliding and rolling (Gliding)

A

Femur sliding and rolling relative to tibia

femoral and tibial contact changes

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20
Q

Rigid links in the knee

A

ACL

PCL

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21
Q

During regular activity the knee switches between

A

Load partitioning and equilibrium

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22
Q

Abnormal motion of the knee

A

Large, late jump near full extension

Bucket handle derangement

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23
Q

ACL stability

A

Restrains anterior displacement of tib
75% anterior force at extension
up to 90% anterior force in flexion

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24
Q

Two bundles of ACL and PCL

A

anteromedial

posterolateral

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25
Q

PCL Stability

A

Restrains posterior displacement of tib
85% posterior force at 30˚ flex
100% posterior force at 90˚ flex

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26
Q

Ligament behavior

A

biohomeostatic

anisotropic

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27
Q

Ligament recovery

A

not as quick as bones

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28
Q

12 months after ligament damage

A

less collagen
more proteoglycans
small diameter collagen fibrils

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29
Q

Positional insufficiency of patella

A

Less potential force due to joint position

0 to 15˚ greatest amount of potential force

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30
Q

Compressive stress distribution of patella

A

Increased area of contact between patellar tendon and femur = decreased pressure on both

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31
Q

How does the patella aid knee extension

A

anterior displacement of quad tendon through full range

Increased moment arm for quads

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32
Q

Sport technique analysis

A

basic model

analyze skill for initial understanding and further questions

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33
Q

Sport technique comparison

A

novice to pro

coaching or education for correction of technique

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34
Q

Sport skill optimization

A

computer model

how to perform a never before completed skill

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35
Q

Sport rehabilitation

A

Joint motions and angles versus normative data

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36
Q

Building backpack robot

A

Bioinstrumentation feed forward system
Control CPU, displacement signals and air valves
anthropomorphic

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37
Q

Bioinstrumentation feedback system measures

A

shear force

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38
Q

Tension force in backpack

A

kit straps

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39
Q

Pressure force in backpack

A

skin surface

transducible property

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40
Q

Specific coil in backpack

A

increases length when pulled

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41
Q

Sensors in backpack

A

Ink membrane load sensors
96 individual sensels
Load changes thickness of ink

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42
Q

Internal lumbar loading force

A

shear and compressive force trying to create motion

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43
Q

Kit stability

A

Electromagnetic motion analysis

Acceleration

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44
Q

Static equilibrium model

A

known and unknown external forces

Sum of forces in any direction must equal zero

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45
Q

Combined performance measures of backpack

A

Reduction and factor analysis of balance, load control and bulk then comparison

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46
Q

Static friction

A

resists motion and counteracts any applied force up to a certain max where friction is overcome and motion begins

47
Q

3 phases of instantaneous response

A

Hydrostatic initial response
Load partitioning
Equilibrium

48
Q

Hydrostatic initial response

A

Stays in same position

Cartilage supports load

49
Q

Load partitioning

A

Fluid moves in and out of cartilage

50
Q

Equilibrium phase

A

steady state

matrix stress

51
Q

Static work

A

No mechanical work performed

posture and joint position maintained

52
Q

Type of contraction associated with static work

A

Isometric contraction

53
Q

isometric contraction

A

Muscle tension equal to external load

muscle length constant

54
Q

Dynamic work

A

Mechanical work performed

Posture and joint position changes

55
Q

Types of contraction associated with dynamic work

A

isokinetic
isoinertial
concentric
eccentric

56
Q

Concentric contraction

A

muscle tension equal to external load

muscle shortens

57
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle tension equal to external load

muscle lengthens

58
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Constant joint velocity
variable load
max muscle force produced

59
Q

Isoinertial contraction

A

Constant resistance
variable velocity
submaximal muscle force produced

60
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bones
fibrous tissues entwine with periosteum
extension of fascia

61
Q

Fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue

surrounds and separates individual muscle

62
Q

Fasciculous

A

bundle of muscle fibres

63
Q

Muscle fibre

A

single complete cell
full length of muscle
multiple nuclei

64
Q

Myofibrils

A

delicate strands combined to make a single muscle fibre

contractile elements

65
Q

Myofilaments

A

Smaller filaments in a sarcomere

66
Q

2 types of myofilaments

A

actin

myosin

67
Q

z line

A

anchor point for thin actin filaments
connection point for sarcomere packages
defines limit of sarcomere

68
Q

i band

A

bisected by z line

thin filaments only

69
Q

M line

A

centre of myosin filaments

70
Q

Motor nerve

A

multiple motor axons to same area

71
Q

Motor unit

A

single motor axon and all the motor fibres it enervates

72
Q

Motor end plate

A

junction between axon and sarcolemma

73
Q

Huxley’s sliding filament theory (12 steps)

A

AP travels in on motor axon
AP creates end plate potential
endplate potential depolarizes sarcolemma
Sarcolemma depolarization opens transverse tubule
Ca2+ release
ca2+ binds to troponin on actin filament
Troponin and tropmyosin change shape 2 reveal receptor sites
Actin receptor binds with myosin ATP cross bridge
Actin activates atp (energy released)
Power stroke of cross bridge
New ATP binds to cross bridge (breaks actin and myosin bond)
Calcium in the system forces steps 8-11 to repeat until it is gone

74
Q

Rigor mortis

A

No new ATP binds to crossbridge so actin and myosin do not break apart

75
Q

Biomechanical adaptations of sliding filament theory (3)

A

Force/Length relationship
Length/Tension relationship
Force/Velocity relationship

76
Q

Length/tension relationship

A

Active tension produced by sliding filament action

Passive tension produced by muscle elasticity

77
Q

Force/Velocity relationship

A

eccentric produced by muscle elasticity

concentric limited by position

78
Q

Stanislavsky

A

Method acting
actor identifies with part
-wonders what character is feeling
-identifies with character’s wants

79
Q

Meyerhold

A

Theatre biomechanics

actor decides on physical formulation of movement

80
Q

3 Stages of meyerhold

A

Extensive full body movements
Spatial exercises
object work

81
Q

Extensive full body movements

A

Flexibility
balance
coordination

82
Q

Spatial exercises

A

Kinaesthetic sense of space

83
Q

Object work

A

partner skills
coordination
allocentric

84
Q

Meyerhold’s equation

A 
n= a1 + a2
acting = thinking and moving
85
Q

Thinking and meyerhold

A

motor commands and efferent copy

86
Q

moving and meyerhold

A

proprioceptive info plus vestibular and visual

87
Q

What is part of scenic movement

A

costume, prop and actor

88
Q

Faces frozen as mask

A

fixed and expressed specific attitude
eliminated actor-character emotion transfer
focused attention on movement

89
Q

Play in children

A

recreating a movement

no concern with character or motivation

90
Q

Meyerholds exercises focus on

A

spatial and temporal aspects of movement

91
Q

4 Goals of meyerhold

A

Balance and physical control
spatial and temporal rhythmic awareness
ability to observe and listen
ability to react to audience, partners and external stimulus

92
Q

Meyerholds 6 etudes

A 
Shooting with the bow
throwing the stone
Stab with the dagger
Leap on the chest
Slap on the face
Dropping the weight
93
Q

Magic

A

Using physical or psychosocial theatrical expectations to control attention or distort perception

94
Q

Biological signal

A

Detectable piece of information that characterizes some or all of the behavior (structure or function) of tissue or biologic process under study

95
Q

Matter

A

mass

energy

96
Q

mass-mass transfer

A

fluid flow
pressure
motion

97
Q

Energy-energy transfer

A

chemistry changes

bioelectricity

98
Q

Source of mass/energy

A

site of signal generation

99
Q

What happens when you move away from site of signal generation

A

amplitude increases

possibility of including noise or error

100
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

available anywhere on scalp surface

Specific sites tell us specific cortex function

101
Q

Time base

A

Rate/magnitude
natural versus evoked
duration
periodicity

102
Q

Why do we need to include biological signals?

A

Observation: detect, amplify, retain, process

quantitative data

103
Q

Kelvin’s rule of measurement

A

measuring instruments must not alter the event being measured

104
Q

Biologic systems

A

Fragile
Responsive
need acquiring, not altering

105
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

Act of watching alters actions

106
Q

Measurement systems are

A

intrusive

cumbersome

107
Q

Chain of instrumentation

A 
signal detector
signal amplifier
signal filter
a/d converter
signal processor-->d/a converter--> analog display, record
Digital display, record, store
108
Q

Signal detector

A

Transducible property

109
Q

5 transducible properties

A 
vibration
magnetic field
electromagnetic radiation
microscopic pits and grooves
macroscopic pits and grooves
110
Q

Signal detector criteria

A

specificity
applicability
error

111
Q

Signal amplifier

A

increase signal energy without altering it

112
Q

Benefits of signal amplifier

A 
instrumentation amplifier (resolving signal)
power amplifier (recording signal)
113
Q

Signal Filter

A

Selectively removes or limits part of signal

114
Q

3 types of passes of signal filter

A

high pass
low pass
band pass

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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