Exam 1 Flashcards
(136 cards)
0
Q
Hypothesis
A
A tentative explanation (proven/disproven through trial)
1
Q
Scientific method
A
Procedure through observations and experiments to learn how the natural world works
2
Q
Theory
A
Set of hypothesis that has survived repeated trials
3
Q
Scientific model
A
Representation of how a natural system is built/should behave
4
Q
Actualism
A
Infer from observations from the past
5
Q
Uniformitarianism
A
Geologic process working today are much the same as the ones of the past
6
Q
Topography
A
Curvatures of earth (mountain/trench)
7
Q
Heat engine
A
Convective process between earths internal core and the suns heat
8
Q
Hydrosphere
A
All water on planet earth
9
Q
Atmosphere
A
The air
10
Q
Biosphere
A
Everything living or that lived
11
Q
Geosphere
A
Rocks
12
Q
Lithosphere
A
Crust and upper part of the mantle
13
Q
Asthenosphere
A
Mantle (weak layer) what plates are being moved on
14
Q
Crust
A
Continental and oceanic plates
15
Q
Mantle
A
Liquid molten magma
16
Q
Inner core
A
Liquid core
17
Q
Outer core
A
Solid core
18
Q
Plate tectonics
A
Theory that lithosphere is broken and moves relative to one another along boundaries
19
Q
Convergent
A
-><- moves towards each other (one plate is recycled into mantle
20
Q
Divergent
A
move apart and form new lithosphere and crust
21
Q
Transform
A
Plates slide by each other (area stays) creates earthquakes
22
Q
Rift Valley
A
Crust is thinned by divergent plates moving and the middle goes up
23
Q
Spreading center
A
K
24
Subduction
Where the crust goes back into the earth and creates mountains or trenches through build up
25
When did the earth form?
4.6 bill years ago
26
When did animals first appear on the earth?
B
27
What are the 4 main earth systems and how do they interact?
Atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere.
28
What are the heat engines that power the earth?
The earths heated core and the suns rays
29
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that retains physical and chemical properties of an element
30
Electron
Negative part of an atom
31
Proton
Positive part of an Atom
32
Neutron
Neutral part of an atom that holds the most weight
33
Atomic number
Number of protons in an atom
34
Atomic symbol
Shorthand for the name of an element
35
Atomic weight
Combined mass of protons and neutrons
36
Element
A substance made entirely from one type of atom
37
Ionic bond
When an atom loses or gains an electron (called ions)
Bond, ionic bond taken not shared
38
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared between atoms to form bonds
39
Anion
Negative ion
40
Cation
Positive ion
41
crystallization
Magma temperature drops below minerals melting point and mineral crystals begin the form
42
Recrystallization
Mineral subject to pressure and temperature transform into new minerals
43
Precipitation
formation from a supersaturated fluid
44
Polymorph
Substances that have one or more alternatives possible crystal structures for a single chemical compound
Poly - many morph - form
(Ex diamond and granite)
45
Silica tetrahedron
Building block of a silicate mineral one si surrounded by 40
46
Hardness
Measure of the ease of which the surface of a mineral can be scratched
Depends on the strength of a chemical bond
determined by the Mohs hardness scale
47
Cleavage
Tendency of a mineral to break apart along specific claims of atoms
Dependant on the Bond strength
48
Luster
Appearance of surface in reflected light
Metallic and nonmetallic
Nonmetallic-vitreous greasy pearly silky
49
Color
Can be extremely diagnostic but is usually not the best way to identify a mineral because same minerals can be different colors and different minerals can be the same color
50
Streak
The color of fine powder when mineral is scratched on a streak plate
Diff Color rocks can have the same color streak
51
Density (specific gravity)
Mass per unit volume how heavy a mineral is
52
Mohs scale
Scale to test minerals relative to other minerals
53
Conchoidal fracture
No cleavage breaking on irregular surfaces rather than cleavage planes
54
Rock
Naturally occurring solid aggregate of the minerals or in some cases nonmineral solid matter
55
Igneous
Magma cools atoms/ions combine to form solid minerals
Ignis means fire
56
Sedimentary
Weathering and erosion breakdown existing surface rocks into smaller particles then deposited
57
Metamorphic
Pre-existing rocks altered by high temperature and pressure
58
Rock cycle
Any rock can change into another
59
Metallic bond
Special type of covalent bond between atoms of metallic elements (weak and ductile)
60
Van der Walls bond
Directional bonds that occurred between molecules that are already bonded together
61
What are the main silicate groups and their characteristics?
Tectosilicates- frame work silicates
ALL O ions shared
Main type of silicate
Quartz
62
How are rocks classified?
Hardness cleavage Luster streak density and color
63
Magma
Molten rock that originates deep within the crust or upper mantle
64
Lava
Molten rock that is released on Earth surface
65
Phaneritic
Coarsely crystalline and crystals that are visible with the naked eye
Intrusive
66
Aphanitic
Crystals not visible to the naked eye
Extrusive
67
Vesicular
Vescules are holes in the rock caused one pockets of gas are trapped within the rock as it cools quickly
68
Glassy
No crystals-amorphous solid-not crystalline-extremely rapid cooling
69
Pegmatite
Very coarsly crystalline with crystals larger than five CM
Leftover material from the mantle
70
Porphyritic
Large crystals (phenocrystals) in a ground mass of material
71
Phenocryst
Large crystals
72
Felsic
Silica rich
Generally light in color
Fe (feldspar) sic (silicon)
73
Mafic
Hi magnesium low si
Ma (magnesium) fic (ferric)
Dark gray to black in color
74
Intrusive/plutonic
Magma crystalizes below ground; large, interlocking crystals
Cools very slowly
75
Extrusive/volcanic
Lava crystallizes above the surface; small (or no) crystals and I glassy ground mass
76
Bowen's reaction series
sequence of crystallization
77
Viscosity
How think
78
Partial melting
Minerals melt at different temperatures- magma from below the chamber continues to partially melt and be added to the magma chamber
79
Decompression melting
Decrease in pressure will allow rocks to melt
80
Flux melting
Increasing the amount of water in a rock lowers the melting point and allows the rock to melt
81
Country rock
Any outside rock
82
Concordant
K
83
Discordant
J
84
Pluton
N
85
Batholith
J
86
Stock
N
87
Sill
J
88
Dike
J
89
Pegmatite
J
90
Magmatic differentiation
Jt
91
Fractional crystallization
J
92
Assimilation
I
93
Magma mixing
N
94
Convergent boundary
N
95
Divergent boundary
N
96
Mantle plume
K
97
Hot spot
K
98
Subduction
M
99
What are the four compositions of igneous rocks? What are their characteristics?
K
100
Where do magmas form?
J
101
What are the main factors that influence how rock melts?
K
102
P-waves
J
103
S-waves
J
104
Seismic profiling
N
105
Reflection
M
106
Refraction
M
107
Velocity
J
108
Density
J
109
Moho
K
110
Low velocity zone
J
111
Shadow zone
K
112
Conduction
K
113
Geothermal gradient
N
114
Seismic tomography
J
115
Normal polarity
J
116
Reversed polarity
N
117
Thermoremanent
K
118
Depositional remanent
N
119
Paleomagnetism
J
120
What evidence do we have of earths interior?
N
121
Why do waves change velocity?
N
122
How is earths magnetic field created?
J
123
Universe
J
124
Big Bang theory
Mm
125
Solar nebula hypothesis
N
126
Solar system
M
127
Planetesimals
Planet
128
Asteroid
J
129
Meteor
J
130
Meteoroid
J
131
Meteorite
N
132
Comet
K
133
Impact hypothesis
N
134
Gravitational differentiation
J
135
Describe the steps in forming the sun and planets.
N
