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Geology Exam 1 > Geology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Geology Exam 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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0
Q

What creates the magnetic field

A

Convection in the outer core

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1
Q

Basaltic magma is a result of partial melting of ultramafic material in_______

A

Upper mantle

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2
Q

Which does NOT occur at divergent plate boundary?

A

Subduction zoned

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3
Q

Basalt and gabbro see created at mid-ocean ridges which are also______

A

Divergent plate boundary

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4
Q

Intrusive equivalent of rhyolite is

A

Granite

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5
Q

Unconsolidated particles that form by:
Weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks
Precipitation from a solution
Secreted by organisms

A

Sediments/ sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

The process of forming sedimentary rock through cementation or compaction

A

Lithification

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7
Q

A decrease in volume and porosity of a sediment that occurs when the grains are squeezed closer together

A

Compaction

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8
Q

Minerals precipitated in the pores binds grains together

A

Cementation

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9
Q

Rocks made from weathering of existing rocks; most abundant type of sedimentary rock

A

Siliclastic rock

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10
Q

Formed by organisms who take materials directly from water to make their shells

A

Biochemical rocks

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11
Q

sediments form from super saturated fluids

A

Chemical rocks

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12
Q

Everything that happens to the sediment after burial

A

Diagenesis

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13
Q

The size of the grains that made up the rock; tells us how far the sediment has traveled and the strength of the current

A

Grain size

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14
Q

The general shape of the individual grain (not the rock); angular, sub angular, rounded

A

Grain shape

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15
Q

The measure of the different grain sizes found within a single rock

A

Sorting (well sorted poor sorted)

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16
Q

Layers within a rock

A

Bedding

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17
Q

Inclined beds deposited by currents of wind or water

A

Cross-bedding

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18
Q

Bed that has a vertical change in particle size

A

Graded bedding

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19
Q

Structures created by organisms burrowing and reworking sediments

A

Bioturbation

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20
Q

Remains or traces of organisms in the rock record

A

Fossils

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21
Q

Ridges of silt/sand formed by wave or wind action (can be preserved on the surface of a bedding plane)

A

Ripples

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22
Q

Small spherical sedimentary grains

A

Ooids

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23
Q

Sea level rises and is depositing where it wasn’t before

A

Transgression

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24
Sea level drops (REtreats) and is depositing further out
Regression
25
Enviornment of deposition
EOD
26
Alternation layers in the out wash of global lakes, sand, and larger sediments during melting clays and organically during cold
Varve
27
Lithified mixture of all particle sizes carried by the glacier and deposits
Tillites
28
Big rocks in ocean sediments or larger lakes deposited by glaciers
Dropstones
29
Desert lakes, poorly sorted sediments, evaporated
Playa lakes
30
Ephemeral streams deposit poorly sorted sediments on flat land in front of mountains in arid climates
Alluvial fans
31
Rivers empty into a sea, lake or other still body of water
Delta
32
Graded bedding caused by deep sea gravity flow creates fining upward
Turbedite
33
Well sorted, well rounded sandstones, cross bedding, marine fossils
Barrier island
34
Low energy; very fine grained shales; hyper saline
Lagoons
35
Pre-existing rocks altered by temperature and pressure
Metamorphism
36
Lines of equal temperature in the earth
Isotherms
37
Strong confining pressure applied equally in all directions: increases with depth
Lithostatic pressure
38
Type of metamorphism that changes a rocks chemical composition by introducing new ions via fluid transport into or out of the rock; changes the numerology
Metasomatism
39
Flat or wavy the parallel planes produced by deformation of rocks under direct pressure (texture formed by differential stress)
Foliation
40
Lowest grade of foliation thin sheets with no visible mineral crystals easily splits apart along flat surface
Slaty
41
Most widespread type of metamorphism; high confining pressure and high differential pressure due tectonidm often at convergent boundaries
Regional metamorphism
42
Mineral assemblages that tell us about pressure and temperature conditions
Index mineral
43
General process that breaks up rocks into fragments
Weathering
44
Picking up or physical removal of particles from a source
Erosion
45
Mechanical processes that breakdown down rocks into smaller pieces
Physical weathering
46
Rocks and minerals react with air and water decomposing into new products
Chemical weathering
47
The age of one event or object in relationship to another event or object (X layer is older than y)
Relative age
48
Then number of years elapsed from an event in the past to current time
Absolute/actual age
49
Layers of rock
Strata
50
The description correlation and classification of strata
Stratigraphy
51
A set of strata that is chronologically ordered
Stratigraphic succession
52
A distinctive group of rocks that can be identified regionally by it's physical properties
Formation
53
Any exposure of rock showing a vertical succession of strata
Outcrop
54
Processes and natural laws that operated in the past are those that are observed in the present
Actualism
55
Sediments are deposited under the influence of gravity and form horizontal or nearly so beds
Principle of Original Horizontillity
56
At the time of deposition sediments will extend laterally until it thins or terminates against a boundary
Principle of original lateral continuity
57
Within a sequence of undisturbed rocks the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is on the top
Principle of superposition
58
Angular disturbances that interrupt the rock record or are younger than the rocks they have invaded
Principle of crosscutting relationships
59
And igneous rock unit with fragments of another rock unit with in it must be younger than those fragments
Principle of inclusions
60
Fossils with in sedimentary strata occur in a definite nonrepeating sequence
Principle of faunal succession
61
A surface where the normal deposition of sedimentary rocks have been disrupted by erosional process or periods of non-deposition
Unconformity
62
Younger strata overlie an erosional surface on tilted or folded rock
Angular unconformity
63
Type of unconformity in which the erosional surface between old and new beds in parallel to those beds
Disconformity
64
Unconformity where the erosional surface is between older igneous or metamorphic rock overlain by younger rocks
Nonconformity
65
Physically and or visually tracking a distinctive unit across a distance doesn't always work
Physical continuity
66
Method of establishing time equivalency of rock units with in a region continent or world
Correlation
67
Timeline based on a stratagraphic succession that provides a chronological record of the history of the earth
Geologic timescale
68
Largest division of geological time
Eon we live in the Phanerozoic eon
69
Subdivision of eons based on three major variations of life Paleozoic Mesozoic and Cenozoic
Era
70
Subdivision of eras; named for the location where the rock was first studied or by distinguishing characteristics
Periods
71
Small subdivision of geological time
Epoch
72
An element with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus and therefore a different mass
Isotope
73
Using naturally occurring radioactive elements to determine ages of rocks
Isotopic dating
74
The time required for one half of the original number of parent atoms to be transformed into daughter atoms
Half-life
75
Fundamentally different from parent daughter systems that 14C (the radioactive isotope) is consistently being created in the atmosphere good for organic materials
Radiocarbon dating
76
Edges and corners of rock experience more rapid weathering, becoming rounded
Spheroidal weathering
77
Oxygen reacts with iron in the mineral pyroxene
Oxidation
78
Weathers feldspar minerals to produce kaolinite Clay and dissolved ions
Carbonic acid
79
Ability of a mineral to dissolved in a solution
Solubility
80
Igneous rock cooling and contracting form regularly spaced intervals
Joints
81
A rock is exhumed usually by erosion, pressure is released and allows the rock to expand
Exfoliation
82
Loose unconsolidated materials (weathered rock decomposed organic materials)
Soil
83
Different rocks weather at different rates
Differential weathering
84
Ancient soils
Paleosols
85
All physical and chemical changes a rock goes through is called
Diagenesis
86
The process of loose sediments changing into a rock is
Lithification
87
Metamorphic limestone is
Marble
88
What eon do we live in
Phanerozoic
89
How old is the earth
4.56 billion years
90
What does unconformity represent in the rock record
A gap in time
91
Which is the most stable at the surface conditions according to Bowens reaction series
Quartz
92
What causes foliated textures
Differential stress

Geology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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