Exam 4 Flashcards
(130 cards)
0
Q
4 main processes of movement
A
Evaporation
Precipitation
Infiltration
Run off
1
Q
The study of movements and characteristics of water on and under earths surface and how it responds to natural changes and human modification
A
Hydrology
2
Q
Any flowing body of water (large or small)
A
Streams
3
Q
Major branch of a large system of streams
A
River
4
Q
Trough through which water in a stream flows
A
Channel
5
Q
Flat area on either side of the channel
A
Floodplain
6
Q
Lesser streams that feed into the trunk of the stream
A
Tributary
7
Q
Origin of a steam, start of channel
A
Head (headwater)
8
Q
Main channel of stream system
A
Trunk
9
Q
The end of the stream, where it empties into a large body if water
A
Mouth
10
Q
Bends in rivers channel (changes direction)
A
Meanders
11
Q
The inside of a meander; lowest velocity, so deposition
A
Point bar
12
Q
The outside of a meander; highest velocity so erosion
A
Cut bank
13
Q
Meander that is cut off from the stream, but still holds water (found after major flood)
A
Oxbow lake
14
Q
Sediment build up at the margins of channels cause when a streak overflows it’s banks. Confines the stream within it’s banks between flood events
A
Natural levee
15
Q
Straight or gently curved parallel stream lines (slow)
A
Laminar flow
16
Q
Stream lines mix and swirl (fast)
A
Turbulent flow
17
Q
Dissolved load, silt and clay; can be carried by the water (at top)
A
Suspended load
18
Q
Sand and gravel carried by sliding and rolling; heavier particles that can’t be carried at top
A
Bed load
19
Q
Materials move by jumping along the bed to move
A
Saltation
20
Q
2 main types of streams
A
Meandering and braided
21
Q
Total area drained by a stream and it’s tributaries, separated by divides
A
Drainage basins
22
Q
A pattern on a map that shows the courses of large and small streams and the patterns of connection
A
Drainage networks
23
Q
4 types of drainage networks
A
Dendritic
Rectangular
Trellis
Radial
24
Forms on horizontal or gently dipping sedimentary rocks; most common drainage pattern
Dendritic drainage
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Developed on strongly jointed rocky terrain and follows joint pattern (place of least resistance in rocks)
Rectangular drainage
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Develops in valley and ridge terrain, where rocks of varying resistance to erosion are folded into anticlines and synclines
Trellis drainage
27
Patterns develop on a single large peak such as a large dormant volcano
Radial drainage
28
Rhyolitic magmas:
Can form at intraplate tectonic settings
29
A _____ is a volcano constructed of pyroclastic fragments ejected from a central vent
Cinder cone
30
Which is NOT a characteristic of a divergent plate boundary?
Lava of felsic composition
31
Rain, snow, etc. derived from the atmosphere; infiltrates the soil, cracks, etc.
Meteoric water
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Mass of water stored beneath Earth's surface; important economic resource
Groundwater
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The ability of a solid to allow fluids to pass through it....does the water have a pathway of movement
Permeability
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Infiltration of water into the subsurface (gaining water in the table)
Recharge
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Movement of groundwater to the surface (taking water from the table)
Discharge
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Boundary between unsaturated zone (pores are not completely fluid) and saturated (pours are completely fluid)
Water table
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Settling of groundwater is removed.... Water no longer supports the sentiments and rocks (caused when discharge exceeds recharge)
Subsidence
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Bed that stores and transmits groundwater in sufficient quantities to wells
Aquifer
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The percentage of rock's volume consisting of open pores between particles; cementation, sorting
How much space between rocks for water to flow; well sorted and uncemented makes best aquifers
Porosity
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Carbonic acid completely dissolves calcite to Ca and bi carbonate ions
Dissolution
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An area with extensive caves, caverns, and sinkholes
| Caused by dissolution of groundwater
Karst topography
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2 ways groundwater moves
Slope of water table
| Permeability
43
How many years for the Rosetta to go to earth to comet
10 yrs
44
A large, long-lasting mass of ice on land that moves under the influence of gravity
Glacier
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Form in mountainous areas, move down slope; confined to the valley or carves out a new, ushaped valley
Valley glacier (alpine glacier)
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Thick, slow-moving sheet of ice that covers a large part of the continent or other large landmass
Continental glacier (ice sheet)
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Thinner sheet of ice floating on the ocean and attached to the main glacier on land
Ice shelf
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total amount of ice added to a glacier annually
accumulation
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total amount of ice that a glacier loses annually by four main mechanisms: melting, iceberg calving, sublimation, wind erosion
ablation
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occurs when masses of ice from valley glaciers break off of a glacier into the ocean
iceberg calving
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the glacier can slide along a thing layer of fluid at the boundary between the ice and the ground
basal slip
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2 types of glacial flow
rigid and plastic (rigid moves faster)
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scratches and grooves on bedrock
striations
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amphitheater-shaped bowl; head of a glacial valley
Cirque
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Knife-like ridges between glacial valleys
Arete
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poorly sorted materials carried by glaciers
till
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when a till occurs as an elongated body in the glacier, or on either side of the glacier
moraine
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sediment is also deposited by_____; materials carried by melt water from glacier
outwash
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a pair of sediment layers (course and fine) deposited on a lake bottom near a valley glacier; formed by seasonal freezing of the lake's surface (course from outwash fine from frozen lake)
varve
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lithified tills (used to reconstruct Gondwana supercontinent)
tillites
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a region with little to no rainfall
desert
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dry region down wind of a mountain
rain shadow
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wind power
aeolian
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wind erodes ground's surface by preferentially removing smaller particles; creates desert pavement
deflation
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type chemical weathering prominent in deserts
oxidation
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silt and clay sized sediments deposited by wind; creates very fertile soil and is highly porous; glacial "rock flour" transported to form fertile soil of Midwest
Loess
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rock with flat, wind-abraded surfaces; part of sand blasting erosion
ventifact
68
4 major places deserts are found
subtropical (30*N&30*S), temperate, continental interior, polar
69
Why are there not a lot of deserts near the equator?
sun's rays hit the equator more directly than the poles, air is warmer at the equator, cooler at poles; warm, humid equatorial air rises, expands, cools, condenses, rains
70
What causes desertification?
overuse of resources, destruction of vegetation, changing climate
71
How do dunes form and migrate?
they are piled up by wind and moves by saltation
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intense dust storm, usually created by the collapse of a thunderstorm
Haboob
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abundant tectonic activity, convergent boundary, oceanic trenches, subduction zones, earthquakes, continental arcs with andesitic volcanoes, island arcs with basaltic-andesitic volcanoes
active continental margin
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geologically quiet; lacks earthquakes, volcanoes, young mountain belts; dominated by sedimentation processes
passive continental margin
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underwater volcanoes
seamounts
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an old seamount that has been eroded and is flat on top
guyout
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deep open ocean
pelogic
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gravity driven sediment floors
turbidites
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How do we study the ocean floor?
Submarines, echo sounders, sonar,mantometers
80
ridge, rift valley, high heat flow, creation of basaltic oceanic crust, divergent boundary
mid ocean ridge
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modification of rocks in the form of folding, faulting, shearing, due to shortening/contraction or extension by plate tectonic stress
deformation
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force created by tectonic processes that causes rock to deform or break
stress
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change in shape and/or volume in response to stress
strain
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pulling or stretching in opposite directions results in extension or breaking
tensional stress
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pushing together from opposite directions, results in shortening and flatening
compressive stress
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moving in opposite directions along a plane
shearing stress
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material that undergoes little deformation under increasing stress until it breaks suddenly
brittle behavior
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material undergoes smooth and continuous deformation under increasing stress (no fracturing and doesn't return to original shape)
Ductile behavior
89
where you hang the lamp
hanging wall
90
where your feet go
foot wall
91
hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall; pulling apart from tensional stress
Normal fault
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hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall; shortening and contracting due to compressive stress
reverse fault
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shallow angle reverse fault
thrust fault
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horizontal movement of blocks in opposite direction, but parrellel to the strike of the fault plane due to shearing stress
strike-slip fault
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bends in a layered rock caused by compressive tectonic stresses that shorten material
folds
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folds in which layered rocks are bent upward into archs; oldest layer in center of fold (shape of A)
anticline
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folds in which layered rocks are bent downward into troughs; youngest in center of fold (shape of U)
syncline
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anticlinal broad circular or oval upward buldge of rock layers; beds dip away from a central point; oldest layer in center
dome
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synclinal, boat-shaped depression of rock layers in which the beds dip toward a central point; youngest in center
basin
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extension of continental crust produces normal faults with high dip angles in the upper crust that flatten with depth; ductile deformation by stretching, not much fracturing (brittle), fills with eroded sediments
tensional tectonics
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compression of continental crust occurs; reverse and thrust faults, more ductile sedimentary rock on top of brittle basement rocks; creating fold and thrust faults
compressive tectonics
102
strike-slip faults the longer the transform fault, the more complicated the deformation; causing secondary faulting and folding
shearing tectionics
103
chains of mountains, thousands of miles long; unique tectonic histories; interacting factors that determine characteristics of mountains
mountain belts
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the stable nucleus composed of the eroded remnants of ancient deformed rocks that comprises the continental shields and platforms
craton
105
large tectonic province within a continent that is tectonically stable and where ancient crystalline basement rocks are exposed at the surface
sheild
106
vertical transport of magma/lava to the surface
magmatic addition
107
horizontal transport of materials (odd bits and pieces) to continental margin (land masses coming together)
accretion
108
a mountain-building event, particularly by the folding and thrusting of rock layers, often with accompanying magmatic activity
orogeny
109
2 main mountain building processes
magmatic addition and accretion
110
theories that explain plates, plate boundaries, tectonic deformation and how continent works
plate tectonics
111
hypothesis that continents move around on a fixed ocean floor; suggested pangea (by wegener
continental drift
112
seafloor moves away from either side of a mid-ocean ridge toward trenches at continents and island arcs
seafloor spreading
113
supercontinent
pangea
114
the IDEALIZED plate tectonic cycle of opening and closing of ocean basins
the Wilson cycle
115
how the plates move
convection
116
total amount of any geological material of potential economic interest. Oil, gas, gravel, salt, diamonds, etc.
Resources
117
natural resources that are continually produced in the natural environment; trees, wind, sun, etc
renewable resources
118
natural resources that are being used up faster than they are being produced by natural processes; petroleum, oil, etc
non-renewable resources
119
energy resources derived from natural, organic materials
fossil fuels
120
biochemical sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of organic carbon, formed during diagenesis of swamp vegatation
coal
121
Where is most of the oil in the world located?
the Middle East
122
Percentage of radiation reflected back to space. Light-colored objects reflect ore energy than dark-colored objects.
Albedo
123
(H2O, CO2, CH4, O3-) in atmosphere absorb terrestrial radiation and re-radiates to Earth and atmosphere (keeps earth warm)
Greenhouse Gases
124
cyclic variations in Earth's movement around sun influence the amount of heath Earth receives from the sun, affecting climate; confirmed by study of relative abundance or stable oxygen isotopes in shells of planktonic marine organisms
Milankovitch Cycle
125
Roundness of orbit highly eccentric: (oval in shape) colder climate
Eccentricity
126
(obliquity) angle between Earth's axis of rotation and the vertical to the orbital plane
Tilt
127
Wobble of Earth's axis of rotation
Precession
128
How have humans impacted global warming?
Industrial revolution
129
4 consequences of global warming
changes in regional weather, cryosphere, sea level, and species and ecosystem migration
