Exam 1 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is:
A
Functionalism
2
Q
John B. Watson argued that psychology should only study observable behavior. Which of the text’s unifying themes reflects this idea?
A
Psychology is empirical
3
Q
Social Research
A
How the group changes behavior.
4
Q
Developmental Research
A
How issues change over life.
5
Q
Experimental Research
A
Basic elements of consciousness
6
Q
Physiological Research
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Biological aspects
7
Q
Psychometric Research
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Psychological testing
8
Q
Personality Research
A
What influences personality
9
Q
Cognitive Research
A
Thoughts
10
Q
Forensic Research
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Dealing with justice and crime
11
Q
Engineering Research
A
Humans and machines
12
Q
Basic Research
A
Knowledge for its own sake
13
Q
Applied Research
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Functionalism, everyday lives.
14
Q
Clinical Practice
A
In-patient practice, severe issues
15
Q
Counseling Practice
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Outpatient practice, every day life adjustment issues
16
Q
School Psychologist
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Deals with severe issues in an educational environment
17
Q
Industrial and Organizational Practice
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Practice with businesses.
18
Q
Psychiatrist
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M.D. write prescriptions and deal with medications.
19
Q
Psychologist
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PhD. Uses counseling techniques
20
Q
Counselor
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Master’s degree
21
Q
Pastoral Counseling
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Religious counseling
22
Q
MSW
A
Social Work
23
Q
Psychiatric Nursing
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In-patient services
24
Q
Structuralism
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Breaking consciousness into elements.
25
Functionalism
How we do things.
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Behaviorism
Watson and Skinner. Behavior is controlled by the environment and consequences and rewards.
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Freudianism
Psychoanalysis, behavior driven by the unconscious Id.
28
Humanism
Rogers and Maslow. Positive view of humans. Humans are naturally good, however we get discouraged. Hierarchy of needs.
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Socioculturalism
Society's impact on individual psychological issues.
30
Cognitivism
Thinking impacts feelings. Self-talk, Beck and Ellis.
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Biological Perspective
Emotions brought on by biological factors.
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Critical Thinking steps (DEDAACTA)
Define terms, Examine the Evidence, Don't Oversimplify, Ask Questions, Analyze Biases, Consider interpretations, Tolerate Uncertainty, Avoid Emotional Reasoning.
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Wundt
Father of psychology, first journal, first lab, objective scientific study.
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Skinner's main thesis
Effects of punishment, repeated behaviors for rewards.
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Freud's main thesis
Behavior is driven by the unconscious Id, which is needy. There are no accidents.
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Carl Rogers
Humanist. Humans are naturally good, they just get discouraged.
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Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs. Basic needs at the bottom, self-actualization on the top.
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Peak experiences
The experiences that rise you to self actualization.
39
Representative Sampling
A sample that is representative of the population being tested.
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Evolutionary Psychology
Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.
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David Buss
Leader in evolutionary psychology.
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Psyche and Logos
Soul and Study
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7 Key Themes (PPEBBHO)
Psychology is empirical, Psychology is theoretically diverse, Evolves in a socio-historic context, Behavior determined by multiple causes, Behavior shaped by cultural heritage, Heredity and Environment jointly influence behavior, Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
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Positive Correlation
Both variables increase or decrease together
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Negative Correlation
One variable increases while one variable decreases.
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Zero Correlation
Neither variable has anything to do with the other one.
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Random Assignment
When all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.
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Experimental Condition
Subjects that are exposed to treatment.
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Control Condition
Subjects that are not exposed to treatment.
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Independent Variable
Factor that is being manipulated
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Dependent Variable
The behavior being observed.
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Hypothesis
Educated guess.
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Case Study
n=1, can't generalize to the public, but can gather a lot of in depth data.
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Survey
Collect a lot of data for an inexpensive cost.
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Naturalistic Observation
Studying a subject in their natural environment.
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Social Desirability
Responding, even anonymously with the socially desirable answer.
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Anchoring Bias
What options are given and in what order you give them.
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Sampling Bias
Sampling that isn't representative.
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Placebo Effect
Change of behavior changes the dependent variable.
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Rosenthal Effect
Experimenter unintentionally communicates the answer they're looking for.
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Hawthorne Effect
Impact on subjects just because they're being studied.
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Anecdotal Evidence
Evidence that comes from one singular, subjective point of view.
63
Schema
Concepts that are linked together.
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Craik and Lockhart
Levels of Processing Theory
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Structural Processing
Physical
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Phonemic Processing
Sounds Like
67
Semantic Processing
Meaning of a word
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Automatic Processing
Don't have to focus
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Effortful Processing
Takes concentration and focus
70
Paivio
Duel Coding Theory
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Duel Coding Theory
Encode info in more than one way and you're more likely to remember it.
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Atkinson and Shiffring
2 Stages before something is encoded into long term memory.
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Storage
Encoding something into either sense memory, short term, or long term memory.
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Sense Memory
Information in it's raw form.
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Iconic
Visual Memory
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Echoic
Auditory Memory
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Eiditic
Photographic Memory
78
Hypermessaie
Autobiographical Memory
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Short Term Memory
Called working memory. Can remember 7 things, plus or minus 2.
80
Baddeley's Theory
Phonological Loop, Visual Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, Central Executive System
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Phonological Loop
Try to recite things to ourselves
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Visualspatial Sketch Pad
Remembering the look of things
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Central Executive System
Switch from one focus to another
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Episodic Buffer
Connect new info to other things in memory
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Semantic Networks
Organization of info in our long term memory
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Encoding
Change info so we can transfer it into our memory
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Attention
First step to encoding something
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Multi-Tasking
Decreases efficiency and decreases creativity
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Visual Encoding
A powerful way to encode something. Visually encoding something.
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Acoustic Encoding
Listening
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Semantic Encoding
Meaning of something
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Flashbulb Memory
A very detailed memory of a meaningful experience.
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Retrieval
Pulling out of long term memory
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Recall
Pull out of long term without any clues
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Recognition
Pulling out of a list of items
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Relearning
Learning something again
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Context effect
Remember something better where it was encoded.
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State dependent learning
Remembering information in the same emotional or physiological state.
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Mood
Colors what we remember and how we remember it
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Von Restorff Effect
Remember the unique item in a list of like items.
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Yerkes Dobson
Tend to remember more with a moderate amount of stress.
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Serial Distribution Effect
We remember things better at the beginning and the end.
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Primacy
Remember things at the beginning
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Recency
Remember things at the end
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Chunking
Breaking up into smaller groups
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Hierarchies
Broad concepts into smaller ones
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Acronym
First letters from things form a word
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Acrostics
First letters from things form a phrase
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Proactive Interference
Old memories interfere with processing new ones.
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Retroactive Interference
New memories interfere with old memories
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Infantile Amnesia
Cannot remember things from before 3 years old because of social, cognitive, and brain development.
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Anterograde Amnesia
Failure to remember after a trauma
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Retrograde Amnesia
Failure to remember before a trauma
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Repression
Unconsciously pushing away traumatic events. Freud's theory supports this.
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Supression
Consciously pushing away things we don't want to remember.
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Loftus Research
Biases and prejudice influence memory. People are less accurate when identifying people from a different race.
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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
When there is trouble retrieving something, but you know you know it.
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Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating something
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Elaborative Rehearsal
Connecting new info with old info
120
Tulving
If you're having a retrieving problem, you may be able to retrieve it with clues.
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Hippocampus
Declarative Memory
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Anterior Communicating Artery
Can have problems with aneurysms and have memory problems.
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Enblock Blackout
Remember nothing
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Fragmentary Blackout
Remember some things, but not much.
125
Prefrontal Cortex
Decision making
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Serotonin
Influences level of happiness and depression.
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Acetycholine
1st neurotransmitter discovered. Low levels are usually found in Alzheimer's patients.
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Glutamate
Amino acid. Learning.
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Epinephrine
Adrenaline. Secreted under stress.
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Norepinephrine
Secreted under stress and anxiousness.
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Vasopressine
Working Memory
132
Implicit Memory
Automatic memory, unconscious
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Explicit Memory
Effortful and Conscious memory
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Declarative Memory
Factual Memory
135
Procedural Memory
How to do something.
136
De'Ja'Vou
The feeling like you've experienced something before
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Standard Deviation
The amount of variability
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Normal Curve
most subjects fall between 1 above and 1 below
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Central Limit Theorem
most random variables fall along the curve
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Inferential Statistics
Interpreting the data, why something happens, meaning
141
Significance Tests
Results not by random tests
142
Debriefing
Afterwards an explanation to the subjects on the experiment
143
Bringham and Richardson
How do you leave the subject feeling about themselves?
144
Hindbrain
Medulla, cerebellum, pons
145
Medulla
Brain stem
146
Cerebellum
gives neurons info and makes movements smoother
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Ataxia
lack of coordination
148
Pons
role in sleep and facial nerves
149
Midbrain
Reticular activating system
150
Reticular activating system
Sleep to high alert
151
Forebrain
Thalamus, Limbic System
152
Thalamus
Motor Control and consciousness
153
Limbic System
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Septum, Hypothalamus
154
Amygdala
Fear and Agression
155
Septum
Calms aggression
156
Hypothalamus
Fight, Flight, Feeding, Breeding
157
Endocrine System
System of hormones and glands
158
Thyroid
Regulates metabolism and can influence mood.
159
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid, depression, weight gain
160
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid, weight loss, agitation, anxiety
161
Pituitary Gland
Control center of the endocrine system. Can have masses.
162
Pancreas
Blood sugar regulation
163
Diabetes
Malfunction of the pancreas and insulin production.
164
Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine and Adrenaline, regulates electrolytes
165
Addison's Disease
Body attacks adrenal glands.
166
Cushion's Disease
Too much secretion from Adrenal Glands
167
Ovaries and Testes
Secrete hormones, can have cancer.
168
Cerebral Cortex
1/8th of an inch thick covering of the brain
169
Frontal Lobe
Decision making and motor skills
170
Parietal Lobe
Top of the brain, sensory info and movement
171
Occipital Lobe
Back of the brain, vision
172
Temporal Lobe
Near the temples, Auditory
173
Association Areas
We don't know what these do.
174
Plasticity
Ability to regain function after being injured
175
T or F: Vision and Auditory go to the same side of the brain that they are entered on. The left hand is controlled by the left side.
False
176
Neuron
Nerve cell that varies according to function. Receives and integrates info.
177
Glial Cells
Nourish and take away waste
178
Soma
Neural cell body
179
Dendrites
Like fingers, receive information
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Axon
Transmits information
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Mylen Sheath
Protective insulation of axon
182
Synapse
Space between two neurons
183
Neural Impulse
Firing of information and electrochemical discharge
184
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that go between neurons
185
GABA
inhibits cell firing, more precise/smooth firing
186
ACH
Voluntary muscle movement and function with memory
187
Dopamine
Pleasure
188
Endorphins
Happiness and calmness
189
ADHD
Where dopamine and norepinephrine are out of balance.
190
Multiple Sclerosis
Destruction of the Mylen Sheath. Affects vision, weakness, motor skills, slurred speech. Can be helped by physical therapy and support groups.
191
Roger Sperry
Split Brain Theorist
192
Right Brain
Creative and spacial
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Left Brain
Logic and verbal skills
194
Coren Study
Split brain study on what sport one would be good at.
195
Split Brain Research
Done on patients that had their corpus colosum severed.
196
Cell Communication
Either happens or it doesn't
197
Sensory Neuron
Bring info from the body into the brain
198
Inter-neuron
info processed into the brain
199
motor neuron
from brain to body
200
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
201
Peripheral Nervous System
Anything but the brain and spinal cord
202
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary activities
203
Automatic Nervous System
Involuntary activities
204
Sympathetic Nervous System
Perceived emergency readiness
205
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calmed back down
