Exam 3 Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Standardization
A
Tests given in a specific sort of way.
2
Q
Validity
A
Does the test measure what it’s supposed to?
3
Q
Reliability
A
Does the test give consistent results
4
Q
Jensen
A
Said that blacks were ‘inferior’ to whites
5
Q
Binet
A
The first legitimate intelligence test. For school children that needed help.
6
Q
Terman
A
First American intelligence test.
7
Q
Stanford-Binet
A
The 2nd most frequently use IQ test today.
8
Q
Weschler
A
The most used IQ test today
9
Q
Reaction Range
A
Genetically determined limits on IQ
10
Q
E.Q.
A
From Goleman, the quotient on how we relate to others.
11
Q
Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence
A
Triarchic Theory: Practical, Creative, and Analytical Intelligence
12
Q
Heuristics
A
Trying to take a short cut to get to a solution.
13
Q
Types of Heuristics
A
Sub-Goals, Analogies, Hill Climbing, Changing Representation
14
Q
Sub-Goals
A
Shorter goals to get to a larger goal
15
Q
Analogies
A
Look for a solution in a similar problem
16
Q
Hill Climbing Heuristic
A
Take the best option whenever there is a choice
17
Q
Changing Representation
A
Pros and Cons of a problem, solving another way.
18
Q
Problems of inducing structure
A
Analogy
19
Q
Problems of arrangement
A
Anagrams
20
Q
Problems of transformation
A
Series of Transformation
21
Q
Barriers to effective problem solving
A
Irrelevant information, functional fixedness, mental set, Unnecessary Constrains, Emotional constraints, cultural constraints
22
Q
Concept
A
Representation of a class of like objects
23
Q
Prototype Concept
A
Best example of a concept
24
Q
Denotative Concept
A
The exact definition of a concept
25
Connotative Concept
What a concept means to you or specific people.
26
Sternberg's Stage Model of Problem Solving
Identify, Define the problem, Strategy formulation, Problem Representation, Strategy construction, Monitoring, Evaluation
27
Availability Heuristics
Judge something as being probably based on personal experiences
28
Representative Heuristics
How similar an event is to the prototype. Tend to underestimate the likelihood of something if it doesn't look like the prototype.
29
Gambler's Fallacy
An event is more likely to happen if it hasn't happened for a while
30
Overstimate Improbably
Overestimate the likelihood of something happening if its dramatic and gets media attention.
31
Loss Aversion
We feel a bigger impact from something negative than we feel from a comparable positive event.
32
Ignoring Base Rates
Ignoring the most common frequency of something.
33
Dual Processing Theory
How something can occur two different ways.
34
Insight
Seeing the problem in a new way
35
Field Dependence
When someone looks to the environment to solve a problem
36
Field Independence
Looks to internal cues to solve a problem
37
Nesbitt
Showed a picture of the ocean to a group of people and asked what they noticed.
38
Holistic Cognitive Style
Notices the big picture and background. Southeast Asia.
39
Analytical Cognitive Style
Looking at small details and foreground. America/industrialized countries
40
Psychometrics
Study of testing psychological issues
41
Norms
Averages
42
Test-Retest reliability
Testing multiple times to get the same results
43
Internal Reliability
Comparing odd and even questions to get the same results
44
Savant Syndrome
Scoring mentally low in all but one category.
45
Content Validity
Do the questions look relevant to the topic?
46
Criterion Validity
Does the score correlate with a real life measure?
47
Construct Validity
Does this test measure an abstract or theoretical measure?
48
Genetics are responsible for how much of intelligence?
50-60%
49
Enriched Environment
Exposure to things that can improve your IQ
50
Flynn Effect
Kids are getting smarter because they have more access to information.
51
Head Start
At Risk kids start before normal to compensate for unavailable resources.
52
Cultural Disadvantage
Differences in environment and schools
53
Cultural Bias
Tests aren't relevant to minorities
54
Gardner
Had a theory of multiple intelligences
55
Factors of Goleman's EQ
Know thyself, keep emotions in check, empathy, motivation and setting goals, social skills and managing relationships
56
Motivation
Some need energizes us to act in a certain way.
57
Need
Physiological deprivation
58
Homeostasis
Sense of balance
59
Incentive
When the environment sends us towards a particular goal.
60
Drive Theory
Motivated from an internal state
61
Incentive Theory
External roles motivate behavior
62
Evolutionary Theory
Engage in behavior that perpetuate the species
63
Sexual Orientation
What gender someone is attracted to.
64
Freud on Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation comes from environment
65
Biological on Sexual Orientation
Hormonal, Prenatal influences, Brain differences
66
Task Leaders
What do we need to get done, goal oriented
67
Maintenance Leaders
Morale, teamwork driven
68
McGregor
Theories on how managers treat their workers
69
McGregor Theory X
Supervisors have a lot of control. Can't trust workers, so you need rules.
70
McGregor Theory Y
Leaders have positive feelings of workers, more feelings of support
71
McGregor Theory Z
Supervisors think about workers as family
72
Atkinson Theory of Motivation
Personality, Probably Success, and Rewards influence motivation
73
Cognitive on Emotion
What we think about a situation influences how we experience it.
74
Physiological on Emotion
Body aspects of emotion
75
Behavioral on Emotion
How we act
76
Cultural on Emotion
Experiencing and Expressing emotions
77
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience physiological response first, then emotional response.
78
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Physiological and emotional response happen instantaneously.
79
Schacter-Two Factor Theory of Emotion
Emotion happens in 2 steps: Physiological arousal and cognitive, then emotion
80
Zjonic
Emotional first, then cognitively label afterwards
81
Adaptation Level Principle
Compare current situation to the past.
82
Relative Depravation Principle
Compare ourselves to someone else
83
Hedonic Adaptation Principle
We change our standards on how we define happiness.
84
Kohlberg
Development of Morals, 3 stages in order, and not everyone gets to the last one. Tested by moral dilemmas.
85
Pre-Conventional Stage
Doing things for yourself and based on self-interest.
86
Pre-Conventional Stage 1
Punishment Orientation
87
Pre-Conventional Stage 2
Reward Orientation
88
Conventional Stage
Doing things for the flow of society
89
Conventional Stage 3
Gains approval, strays from disapproval
90
Conventional Stage 4
Wants society to flow smoothly
91
Post Conventional Stage
Does things by internal morals
92
Post Conventional Stage 5
Agreed upon rights
93
Post Conventional Stage 6
Affirms own ethical principles.
94
Carol Gilligan
Wrote In a Different Voice, saying that men develop morally different from women.
95
Care Perspective
How women develop morally, how actions impact specific people.
96
Justice Perspective
How men develop morally, Moral decisions based on general principles of justice and responsibility
97
Kubler Ross
Thought of the 5 stages of grief model through studying people with terminal illness.
98
Kubler Ross 5 stages of grief
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
99
Infertility
The inability to conceive for more than a year
100
Natural causes to infertility
Low sperm count, Tubal Factor, Ovulation Problem, Cervical Factors, Idopathic
101
Treatments for Infertility
Artificial Insemination, In-vitro Fertilization, Surrogates
102
Causes of Miscarriage
Genetic abnormality, Infection, Hormone Insufficiency, Implantation Problems, Incompetent Cervix, Endometriosis
103
Miscarriages happen how long into the pregnancy:
10-12 weeks
104
Germinal Stage
1st 2 weeks. Placenta grows, becomes a zygote.
105
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks-2 months, Major systems formed
106
Fetal Stage
3rd month-on. Rapid growth of fetus.
107
Viability
At what stage can the fetus survive outside the womb. We say 24 weeks.
108
Ovum
A mature egg that is released
109
Ovulation
Releases ovum on day 14 of cycle.
110
Hylaluronadase
Enzyme that seals ovum after fertilization
111
Zona Pellucida
Protection around the egg
112
Chromosomes
Contain genetic material
113
Conception takes place in the:
Fallopian Tubes
114
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Where the mother drinks significantly during her pregnancy. These children have impulse control, developmental delays, and usually look similar.
115
Piaget
How thinking style changes over the development of a child.
116
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years, Exploring the world through senses, object permanence, Stranger anxiety
117
Object Permanence
Knowing that an object still exists even though you can't see it. Around 8 months.
118
Stranger Anxiety
Happens around 8-10 months, start recognizing mom and dad.
119
Pre-operational Stage
Age 2-6. Big leap in creativity, pretending, egocentric.
120
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 7-12, Conservation
121
Piaget's Conservation
Being able to see that if a container changes shape, there is still the same amount in the container.
122
Formal Operational Stage
Age 11-18, abstract and reflective reasoning
123
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulation of facts that increases with age
124
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to problem solve, declines with age
125
Erickson
Social and Emotional development through a series of conflicts
126
Erickson 1st Stage
Trust v. Mistrust
127
Erickson 2nd Stage
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
128
Erickson 3rd Stage
Initiative vs. Guilt
129
Erickson 4th Stage
Competence v. Inferiority
130
Erickson 5th Stage
Identity v. Role Confusion
131
Erickson 6th Stage
Intimacy v. Isolation
132
Erickson 7th Stage
Generativity v. Stagnation
133
Erickson 8th Stage
Integrity v. Despair
134
Cephalocaudal
Developing from head to toe.
135
Proximodistal
Developing from the core out.
136
Harlow Attachment Theory
How you connect with primary caregivers, impacts relationships in life. Experiment with monkeys
137
Ainsworth
Experiment with mom's leaving the room and having a stranger in the room, then moms coming back to the babies.
138
Secure Attachment
Kids comfortably act with mom when she comes back in the room.
139
Anxious Ambivalent
Non-stop agitation
140
Avoidant
Not interacting at all
141
Receptive Vocabulary
What they understand is bigger than the language they can use.
142
Productive Vocabulary
What they can say
143
Overextension
Where kids use a word to describe more things than its meant to.
144
Vocabulary spurt happens at what age?
18 months
145
Fast mapping happens when?
Between 18 months and 6 years
146
Under-extension
Using 1 word to describe a more narrow set of objects
147
Telegraphic Speech
Abbreviated words, not full sentences
148
Over-regularizations
applying words incorrectly
149
Vygotsky
Interactions with others help development, culture impacts cognitive, Scaffolding, private speech
150
Secondary Sex characteristics
Changes not to do with sex organs
151
Prefrontal Cortex
Decisions and Consequences, doesn't get fully formed until about 25.
152
Invisible Audience
Piaget, Sense that everyone is watching more than they are
153
Personal Fable
Piaget, bad stuff happens to other people
154
Climatric
Lessen in fertility. Women 30, Men 40
155
Presbyopia
Changes in vision, difficulty adjusting to different distances
156
Presbycusis
Loss of hearing
157
Schaie Study
How our thinking changes through life, Cognitive decline isn't as rapid outside of disease states.
158
Personality
Distinctive and Consistent ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
159
Freud on Personality
Unconscious, Repressed Material, No accidents
160
Pre-Conscious
Stuff we're not thinking about, but can bring to consciousness, unrepressed material
161
Freud on Dreams
Where we store unconscious material
162
Freud's personality structure
Id, Superego, Ego
163
Id
Nature, unconscious instincts, very impulsive
164
Super Ego
Follows the rules, rigid
165
Ego
Part that mediates Id and superego
166
Freud on Personality Development
Psychosexual Stages- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
167
Oral Fixation
Conflict from weening
168
Anal Retentive
Rigid and organized
169
Anal Expulsive
Disorganized and sloppy
170
Oedipal Conflict
Young boys will imitate dad because they love mom.
171
Castration Anxiety
Competing with dad
172
Electra Conflict
Young girls will imitate mom because they love dad.
173
Penis Envy
Girls feel inferior
174
Latency
Same sex relationships between 6-puberty
175
Projective Tests
Project Unconscious onto ambiguous stimuli
176
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Ambiguous Pictures
177
Rorschach Test
Ink blots, usually mirrored
178
House-Tree-Person
Where kids draw a house (family), tree (world) and person (self)
179
Free Association
Naming the first thing that comes to mind
180
Bandura
Most learning is done observationally. Social Cognitive Theory.
181
Primitive Defense Mechanisms
Denial, Regression, Acting Out, Disassociation, Compartmentalization, Projection, Reaction Formation
182
Denial
Repressing difficult events
183
Regression
Reverting to an earlier way of coping
184
Acting Out
Over react to difficult to express thoughts
185
Disassociation
Separate yourself from the situation
186
Compartmentalization
Separating yourself into different compartments and trying to rationalize actions by that.
187
Projection
Projecting feelings on to a more innocent target
188
Reaction Formation
Over-reacting and express the opposite emotion
189
Less Primitive Defense Mechanisms
Repress, Displacement, Intellectualization, Rationalization, Undoing
190
Repression
Blocking out unacceptable thoughts
191
Displacement
Displace thoughts and emotions onto a more vulnerable target
192
Intellectualization
Stays in your head rather than feeling the emotion
193
Rationalization
Offering a different excuse for reality
194
Undoing
Trying to compensate by complimenting another area
195
Mature Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation, Compensation, Assertiveness
196
Sublimation
Substitute a more acceptable activity for an unacceptable impulse
197
Compensation
Compensation for a weakness they feel they have
198
Assertiveness
Someone gives their opinion in a straightforward way
199
Allport
Trait Theory
200
Trait
Consistent behavior in terms of how we react
201
Trait Theory
Personality is a collection of traits
202
5 Factor Model of Traits
Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, Conscientious
203
MMPI
Based on personality traits, psychopathology, Very long, used for jobs, used to diagnose
204
Psychopathology
Looking to diagnose a problem
205
Skinner on Personality
Personality comes from operant, reinforcement and punishment
206
Self-Efficacy
One's belief about their ability to accomplish certain tasks
207
Carl Rogers on Personality
Humanist, People are good, important to be genuine, empathy, congruence
208
Unconditional positive regard
Feel good about someone no matter what
209
Empathy
Putting yourself in someone else's shoes
210
Congruence
When someone's self-concept is reasonably close to reality
211
Incongruence
Can cause anxiety. When someone's self-concept isn't close to reality
212
Self-Serving Bias
Tend to perceive one's self in a positive light no matter the situation.
213
Humanists have had an impact on 3 areas
Education, Parenting, Counseling
214
Social Cognitive Theory
Reciprocal determination between environment, beliefs, and behavior
215
Rotter
Either external or internal locus of control
216
External Locus of Control
What you do doesn't matter, controlled by the environment
217
Internal Locus of Control
Have control over life
218
Eysenk
Personality is all genetic.
219
3 Eysenk personality traits
Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychotocism
220
Adler
Writer of Birth Order Book
221
1st Born
Consciensous, achèvement, less likely to take a risk
222
Middle Child
Lost kid, peace makers, flexible, good at compromising, relaxed
223
Youngest Child
Argumentative, revolutionary, underdog sympathizer, least likely to help
224
Only Child
Making friends easier, self-control, less competitive, less trusting, well adjusted.
