Exam 2 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Young-Helmholt Color Vision Theory
A
3 sets of colors make a combination: Red, Green, Blue
2
Q
Opponent Process Color Vision Theory
A
Each category of cones helps us tell the difference: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, Black-White.
3
Q
Lens
A
Transparent, behind the pupil, focuses light on the retina.
4
Q
Cataract
A
Cloudiness of the lens
5
Q
Iris
A
Colored part of the eye, changes pupil size because of light.
6
Q
Pupil
A
Expands and contracts with light.
7
Q
Sclera
A
The white of the eye
8
Q
Cornea
A
Transparent part of the eye, protective
9
Q
Retina
A
Most of the vision takes place here.
10
Q
Macular Degeneration
A
Center of the retina fails
11
Q
Rods
A
Black, White, and Peripheral Vision
12
Q
Cones
A
Color and Central vision
13
Q
Gestalt Perception Categories
A
Figure-Ground, Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Contiguity
14
Q
Figure-Ground Perception
A
There is a focus and a background.
15
Q
Proximity Perception
A
Group things closer together.
16
Q
Similarity Perception
A
Grouping like things together because of similarities.
17
Q
Closure Perception
A
Completing things in our mind that are incomplete.
18
Q
Contiguity Perception
A
Perceiving something continually going in the same direction.
19
Q
Taste Buds go to which part of the brain?
A
Thalamus
20
Q
What are the 4 universally known taste buds?
A
Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet
21
Q
Which taste buds are in the front of the tongue?
A
Sweet
22
Q
Umami Taste buds are for what kind of tastes?
A
Savory
23
Q
As we age, do we gain or lose taste buds?
A
Lose
24
Q
People with 10,000 taste buds are called what?
A
Super Tasters
25
Range of taste buds on a person
500-10,000
26
Pinna
Outer ear that catches sound
27
Eardrum
Timpanic membrane that separates outer and inner ear.
28
Conduction Deafness
When sounds are poorly transferred from ear drum.
29
3 parts of the middle ear
Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
30
Cochlea
Inner ear that helps send sound to the brain
31
Basilar Membrane
Hairs protruding that sets sound in motion.
32
Auditory Nerve
Transfers sounds into the temporal lobe.
33
Place/Helmholtz Theory of Hearing
Where in the Basilar membrane the sound lands
34
Frequency Theory of Hearing
Rate the Basilar membrane vibrates
35
Interaction Theory of Hearing
Combines place and frequency theory.
36
Visual Capture
Where vision is the dominant sense
37
Depth Perception
A binocular cue, but can be trained to be a monocular cue.
38
Absolute Threshold
The lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect 50% of the time.
39
Preceptual Constancies
We understand things even though they look differently.
40
Types of Perceptual Constancies
Shape, Size, Brightness, Color
41
Sensation
Getting input from surroundings, raw data coming into brain.
42
Perception
How the brain makes sense out of sensation.
43
Subliminal Stimulation
So subtle that we notice it less than 50% of the time, still influences us.
44
Just Noticeable Difference
Smalles amount of change in something that you would notice 50% of the time.
45
Weber's Law
Not the amount of change that we notice, it's the percent of change from the original stimulus.
46
Sensory Perception
Tendency of sensory neurons to respond less and less to a continuous stimulus.
47
Touch goes to what part of the brain?
Parietal Lobe
48
Localization
How we perceive touch depends on strength of the neural pathways.
49
Gate Control Theory
Passage way through our nervous system, trying to overload the system so there is less pain.
50
Olefactory Cillia
Hair like structures that help with smell.
51
Males or Females have a more accurate sense of smell?
Females
52
Gestalt Psychology
Percieving the whole
53
Sense of Balance
Receptors are in the middle ear.
54
Motion Sickness
When sensation doesn't match what we're seeing.
55
Visual Monocular Cues
Relative size, overlap, relative height, linear distance
56
Perceptual Set
Mental predisposition to interpret in a certain way
57
ESP
Extrasensory Perception
58
Telepathy
Mind-mind communication
59
Clairvoyance
Perceiving that something is happening presently far away.
60
Precognition
Predicting the future
61
Psychokenisis
Exerting force on an inanimate object.
62
Insomnia
The inability to sleep at night.
63
Drug dependent insomnia
Sometimes treatment of insomnia can hinder sleeping ability.
64
Idiopathic Insomnia
Something wakes you up.
65
Causes of insomnia
Stress, drugs, behavioral actions
66
The awake stage has what kind of brain waves?
Beta
67
Drowsy stage has what kind of brain waves?
Alpha
68
Stages of Sleep
Theta, Spindles, Transition, Delta, REM
69
Theta Stage of Sleep
2-10 minutes, slow of breathing and heart rate.
70
Hypnic Jerk
Reflex that wakes you up
71
Spindles Stage of Sleep
20 minutes, can still be awakened, but harder to.
72
Transition Stage of Sleep
Delta Waves
73
Fourth Stage of Sleep
50% of Delta Waves
74
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement, Brain waves look awake, body paralyzed, Dreaming, 20-25% of sleep.
75
Influences on sleep
Age, Culture, Co-sleeping
76
Klein Levin Syndrome
People who can sleep for days
77
Narcolepsy
Sudden onset of heavy sleep
78
Sleep Apnea
cessation of breathing during sleep
79
What kind of infants are prone to sleep apnea?
Pre-mies
80
Central Sleep Apnea
Brain doesn't send a signal
81
Upper Airway Sleep Apnea
Breathing is blocked
82
Mixed Sleep Apnea
Central and Upper Airway combined
83
Treatment for Sleep Apnea
Medication, Surgery, CPAP, Monitors
84
Night Terrors
Wake up screaming and can't remember why
85
Sleep Walking
Kids are prone to this, usually grow out of it.
86
Freud Dream Theory
Dreams are Unconscious wishes
87
Gestalt Dream Theory
Things in dreams represent part of you
88
Ecclectic Dream Theory
Biological and Emotional Factors
89
Dekonick on Dreams
External Stimuli influences dreams
90
Hall Dream Theory
Dreams are internal conflicts
91
Cartwright Dream Theory
Our Semi-concious is working out problems
92
Hobston and McCarley Dream Theory
Neurons are just randomly firing
93
Narcotics/Opiates
Feelings of euphoria, prescription gives a false sense of security.
94
Types of Narcotics
Heroin, Morphine, Oxycontin
95
Sedatives
Addictive, used for anxiety, can include sleep inducing drugs.
96
Types of Sedatives
Barbituates, Xanax, Valium, Sleeping Pills
97
What happens with an overdose of Sedatives?
Depresses CNS activity
98
Alcohol
Beverages that contain ethyl alcohol, euphoric feelings, inhibitions drop
99
Binge drinking for males and females
Males- 5-7 drinks, Females 4-6 drinks
100
Alcohol and Energy Drinks
12% alcohol, wakefulness, more likely to drink to excess
101
Stimulants
Increase CNS activity, grandiose feelings
102
Types of stimulants
Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstacy, Nicotine, Bath Salts
103
Hallucinagens
Percieving without sensation, mild relaxation and euphoria, dependence
104
Types of Hallucinagens
LSD, Mescaline, Mushrooms, Cannabis
105
Anabolic Steroids
Male Sex Hormones, Promotes muscle growth and body mass
106
Tolerance
Need more and more to get desired effect
107
Withdrawal
The dismissal of a drug, can cause physical issues and can be deadly.
108
Risk Factors for drug use
Lower SES, Family conflicts, friends who use
109
Relapse
Falling off the wagon of un-use of drugs
110
Disease Model of Treatment
Addiction is biological, 12 step programs, run by peers, sponsorships
111
Habitual Pattern
Our environment contributes to the addiction, can drink in moderation after treatment
112
Interventions
Groups of people talking to person who is abusing.
113
Enabling
Making it easier for someone to keep using
114
Al-anon
Family members affected by substance abuse
115
Al-ateen
Children with parents who abuse substances
116
ACOA
Adult Children of Alcoholics
117
Hypnosis
Hightened suggestibility, narrowed focus of attention, imaginary happenings
118
Therapeutic uses for hypnosis
Age regression, pain control, habits, memory, entertainment.
119
Disassociation
Separating of mind and body
120
Does hypnosis work on everyone?
No. Hypnosis doesn't work on everyone.
121
Circadian Rhythm
Pattern of being awake and asleep
122
What controls our circadian rhythm?
Endocrine System
123
Preadaptation
Gradually changing sleep schedule until you fully change it.
124
What do we use to reset the circadian rhythm?
Melatonin, Bright Lights, Rotate Work Shifts
125
Repair Theory of Sleep
Restore levels of neurotransmitters and hormones.
126
Ecological Theory of Sleep
Sleep during the night is a survival technique.
127
Operant Learning
Where behavior becomes more or less prominent depending on the consequences.
128
Reinforcement
Anything to increase the probability of a behavior
129
Punishment
Anything to decrease a behavior
130
Positive Reinforcement
Something gets applied to increase a behavior
131
Negative Reinforcement
Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.
132
Positive Punishment
Apply something to decrease a behavior
133
Negative Reinforcement
Something removed that is unpleasant to increase a behavior.
134
Positive Punishment
Apply something to decrease a behavior.
135
Negative Punishment
Take something away to decrease a behavior.
136
Primary Reinforcers
Something that isn't learned
137
Secondary Reinforcers
Something that is learned.
138
Issues with Punishment
Timely, consistent, Proportionate, less effective than reinforcement
139
Fixed Interval
Reinforce after a certain amount of time
140
Variable Interval
Reinforcing over a differing amount of time.
141
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcing after a certain number of correct responses
142
Variable Ratio
Reinforcing after a differing number of correct responses
143
A _______ schedule is most resistant to extinction.
Variable
144
Continuous
Reinforce after every correct response
145
A __________ schedule is the most susceptible to extinction.
Continuous
146
Shaping
Positive reinforcement of successive approximations. Getting closer to desired outcome.
147
Chaining
Reinforcement of each behavior in a series of behaviors to make a more complex behavior.
148
Applications of Operant Learning
Classroom, Animal Training, workplace, parenting, society
149
Association Principle
John Locke, we associate things that happen together in our minds.
150
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that causes a reaction without training, like food.
151
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response to a particular unconditioned stimulus. (drooling)
152
Conditioned Stimulus
Start neutral and gets paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response (bell)
153
Conditioned Response
Learned response given to the conditioned stimulus. (drool after the bell)
154
Classical Conditioning Theorist
Pavlov
155
Acquisition
The initial learning process
156
Extinction
When the conditioned response fades away
157
Spontaneous Recovery
After extinction, pairing the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.
158
Higher Order Conditioning
Having two conditioned stimuli
159
Generalization
Conditioned response to something similar to the conditioned stimulus.
160
Discrimination
Responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
161
Modeling
Tend to do more behaviors from people we admire
162
Bandura's experiment
The Bobo Dolls, kids model what adults do, especially violent behaviors.
163
Bystander Effect
More likely to help if someone else intervenes first.
