Exam 1 Flashcards by Sarah VanFossen

microbiology

study or organisms too small to be seen clearly with the human eye

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bacteriology

the study of bacteria and diseases they cause

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mycology

the study of fungi and fungal diseases

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parasitology

the study of pathogenic protozoa and their diseases

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virology

the study of viruses and viral diseases

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who is credited with the first accurate description of bacteria

Leeuwenhoek

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who is responsible for finally ending the controversy surrounding the theory of spontaneous generation

Pasteur

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what commercially important process was Pasteur studying when he developed the technique of pasteurization

fermentation of wine

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who was the first person to attempt to control infection during surgery through the use of an antiseptic

Lister

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who was the first person to demonstrate the causative role of bacteria in infectious disease

Koch

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what group of infectious agents was discovered by examining bacterial-free filtrates

viruses

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what investigator first discovered the concept of immunization

Jenner

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what is bacteremia

the presence of bacteria in the blood

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what is sepsis

bacteria multiplying and forming toxins in the blood (serious life threatening)

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what is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to produce disease

virulence

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what is a carrier

harbors a pathogenic organism but has no symptoms of disease, but could pass it on

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what is an obligate pathogen

organism that always causes disease

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what is an opportunistic pathogen

causes disease only under certain conditions

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what is antiseptic

removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissue

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what is disinfectant

removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

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bacteria shapes

cocci, bacilli, spirals

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amphitrichous flagella

one flagella at both ends

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atrichous

no flagella

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lophotrichous flagella

more than one flagella at one end

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monotrichous flagella

one flagella at one end

peritrichous flagella

flagella all over the cell

characteristics of bacterial spores

only in Gram +, do not stain with Gram stain, dormant state that is resistant to drying, heat, chemical disinfectants and radiation

prokaryotic organisms

nuclear structures are without limiting membranes

prokaryotic organisms examples

bacteria and blue-green algae

eukaryotic organisms

possess true nuclei

eukaryotic organisms examples

fungi, algae, protozoa, plants and animals

what is the most specific basis for the taxonomy and classification of bacteria

nucleic acid hemology

phototrophs

obtain energy from the sun

what is the term used to describe organisms that use only molecular oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor in respiration

obligate aerobes

what is the final hydrogen acceptor in fermentation

an organic compound

what is meant by facultative

organism can grow with or without oxygen

how would you classify an organism that grows best a body temperature

mesophilic

what is the most convenient method for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture

streak plate

what is mordant

gives dye an attachment point, increases the affinity of the dye

what stains are used to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast bacteria

Zeihl-Neilsen, Kinyoun method, and fluorochrome method

melting point of agar

97 C (100)

gelling point of agar

45 C

how would you characterize sheep's blood agar

Enriched differential media (differentiates hemolysis)

several aspects of a quality control program in the microbiology laboratory

reagents, temperature, personnel, media

what is the most generally used means of sterilization for the hospital laboratory

autoclave

how would you sterilize media that cannot withstand high temperatures

filtration

how was penicillin "accidentally" discovered?

Fleming was trying to grow bacteria, but it got contaminated and the bacteria would not grow near the mold (penicillin)

how would omitting mordant affect the Gram stain?

the dye would get washed out during decolorization and be pink

what portion of the bacterial cell has the most to do with whether it stains Gram pos or neg

cell wall

what chemical constituent of this structure is responsible

lipids and peptidoglycan

list several conditions necessary for the optimum cultivation of bacteria

proper incubation temperature, moisture, pH, atmosphere

describe the various modes of action of disinfectants

react with cytoplasmic membrane, denatures cellular proteins and enzymes, damages DNA and/or RNA

what antiseptic is used to prepare the skin for venipuncture

isopropyl alcohol

what is the best overall disinfectant for hospital use

10% Clorox

list several characteristics of an acceptable clinical specimen for microbiology

sterile container, labeled properly, time of collection and received

how soon should all specimens be cultured

as soon as possible

normally sterile areas of the body

CSF, blood, joints, body cavities, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, renal tract, middle ear

normally inhabited areas of the body

skin, auditory canal, eye, mouth, throat, sputum from respiratory tract, large bowel, vagina

when you read cultures from areas that have normal flora, what is the main consideration

recognizing what should not be there

Micrococcus appearance

very large and yellow

Gaffkya appearance

occur in tetrads

Sarcina appearance

bright yellow pigment in groups of eight

what test is used to distinguish Strep and Staph

catalase

catalase test for strep

catalase negative

catalase test for staph

catalase positive

What is the tube coagulase test?

take organism put it in tube of diluted plasma and incubate

What type of coagulase does tube coagulase test for?

free coagulase

What is hyaluronidase?

known as the "spreading factor," dissolves the substance between the cells allowing the organism to penetrate the tissues

name characteristics of the enterotoxin produced by S. aureus

enterotoxin is an exotoxin that acts on intestines, it is not destroyed by boiling, causes food poisoning

what technique is used to track down the specific strain of S. aureus responsible for outbreaks of infection in the nursery or O.R.?

phage typing

Name some of the diseases caused by Staph

pimples, boils, acne, cystitis, gastroenteritis, sepsis, meningitis, acute bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, scalded skin syndrome, TSS, impetigo

What biochemical characteristics distinguish aureus from epidermidis

coagulase, salt tolerance, DNase; aureus is positive for all, epidermidis is negative

how is saprophytic differentiated from other Staph?

saprophyticus is resistant to novamycin, S. epi is not resistant

colony of Staph aureus that is trapped in agar pour plate is small and hemolytic resembles what Strep

Beta Strep

what is the purpose of stabbing the agar when doing a throat culture?

enhance hemolysis due to Streptolysin O

which hemolysin is enhanced by stabbing the agar?

Streptolysin O that stands for oxygen labile

which of Lancefield's groups of Strep are responsible for most clinical infections?

Group A Beta Strep

what Lancefield group is Streptococcus pyogenes?

Group A

which group does Streptococcus agalactiae belong?

Group B

which group of Streptococcus is associated with UTI's and wound infections, but are normal flora of the GI tract?

Group D Strep

what is the role of the capsule in infections due to Strep. pneumoniae?

primary virulence factor

what is the most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)?

Alpha Strep viridans

what organism would be indicated by a Gram stain of foul smelling pus from a brain abscess that shows Gram positive cocci in chains?

anaerobic Strep

which strain of Streptococcus is associated with infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Streptococcus MG

What is the reagent used for the oxidase test used in the identification of Neisseria?

tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene dihydrochloride

What antibiotics are found in MTM

vancomycin, colistin, nystatin

what does vancomycin do

inhibit Gram pos

what does colistin do

inhibit Gram neg rods

what does nystatin do

inhibits yeast and molds

what infections are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gonorrhea, opthalmia neonatorum, arthritis

what specimen is used to detect carriers of Neisseria meningitidis?

throat culture

What enzyme is produced by strains of Neisseria that are resistant to penicillin?

Beta-lactamase