Exam 1

Question 1

Scientific Method Four Step

Answer 1

1) Chose a question to be answered
2) Formulate a hypothesis
3) Develop a method for testing the hypoth
4) Use data by method to draw conclusion

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistant

Question 3

Validity

Answer 3

degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to

Question 4

Structured interview a

Answer 4

all participants are asked same question (scripted)

Question 5

Clinical Interview

Answer 5

participants are asked questions based on their previous answers (free-style)

Question 6

Control Group

Answer 6

are treated indentically to experimental group but are not given the independent variable

Question 7

Cross-Sectional Design

Answer 7

a research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time

Question 8

Longitudinal Design

Answer 8

method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over time

Question 9

Microgenetic Designs

Answer 9

study in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time

Question 10

Variable

Answer 10

events, behaviors that vary

Question 11

2 Main Research Designs

Answer 11

Correlational- Looking for a relationship between 2 variables
Experimental- a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects

Question 12

Correlation Does not equal causaition 2 reasons

Answer 12

1) Third-Variable Problem-idea that there could be more then 2 factors
2) Directionality-don’t know which factor is causing the other

Question 13

3 Stages of Prenatal Development

Answer 13

Germinal (0-14 days)
Embryonic (2-8 Weeks)
Fetal (8 weeks to birth)

Question 14

Germinal Stage

Answer 14

conception starts it and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted into the uterine wall. Rapid cell division is taking place

Question 15

Embryonic

Answer 15

Major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body. Support system develops-amniotic sac, placenta, unbilical chord), Beginning of brain development

Question 16

Teratogens

Answer 16

a environmental threat that could disrupt prenatal development
examples alcohol, flu cigarettes, viruses
Are tough to firmly state because every person is different for dosages, sensitive period is unknown, individual differences, correlational research-no one wants to be apart of it

Question 17

Fetal Stage

Answer 17

Growth in size, organs begin to function, quickening is felt by mother, not as susceptible to teratogens
Can learn during this stage-what they hear and smell (amniotic fluid, known who mom is)

Question 18

Prenatal Testing 2 ways

Answer 18

Ultrasound-sound waves are used to obtain a represention of the fetus
Amniocentesis-amniotic fluid is withdrawn with a syringe for cell examination of genticdisorders; done 13-18 post conception; Chroionic Villius Sampling-another way of amniocentesis that can be done 10-12 weeks post conception

Question 19

Genotype

Answer 19

Set of genetic traits a person inherits

Question 20

Phenotype

Answer 20

observable expression of the genotype

Question 21

Environment

Answer 21

exery aspect of the individual and the surroundings other than the genes

Question 22

Sex Selction Technology

Answer 22

Sperm Sorting

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis PGD

Question 23

Pros of Sex Selection Technology

Answer 23

Prevent having a kid with a disease; Remove a disease from family tree; determine sex of kid; avoid abortion or murdering of babies

Question 24

Con’s of Sex Selection Technology

Answer 24

Expensive; Human rights of embryo; Potential of having more kids then desired; population becomes unbalanced; where do you draw the line; not 100% guarantee

Question 25

Genotype of Parent to Genotype of Child

Answer 25

Parent passes down traits and characteristics

Question 26

Genotype of Child to Phenotype of Child

Answer 26

Child receives every gene from their parents but only some of them are turned on by the child, which are the genes that are then expressed (phenotype)

Question 27

Child's Environment to Child's Phenotype

Answer 27

The environment brings out or activates some of the genes in the child; continuous interaction of genotype and environment, a genotype will develop differently in different environments

Question 28

Child's Phenotype to Child's Enviornment

Answer 28

Kids are active icreators of the environment in which they live; way they act evoke certain characteristics of their environment

Question 29

Chromosomes

Answer 29

molecules of DNA that transmit gentic information

Question 30

Genes

Answer 30

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

Question 31

Mutation

Answer 31

a change in a section of DNA

Question 32

Dominant Vs Recessive Genes

Answer 32

Genes have two alleles, one dominate and one recessive; Dominant Allele-if present is expressed Recessive Allele- is not expressed is paired with dominant allele

Question 33

Homozygous Vs Heterozygous

Answer 33

Homo-two dominant traits or two recessive traits | Heter-one of each

Question 34

Norm of Reaction

Answer 34

reason why a genotype will develop differenty in different environments

Question 35

Polygenetic Inheritance

Answer 35

inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene--ex aggression, empathy, shyness