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NuFS-139 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things must the body have to function?

A

Energy (measured in Cals) and Nutrients

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2
Q

What is the difference between macro and micronutrients?

A

Macronutrients give you energy, micros don’t

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3
Q

Which nutrients are macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, fats/lipids…

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4
Q

Which nutrients are micronutrients?

A

Water, Vitamins/Minerals…

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5
Q

5 things about Carbohydrates

A
  • used short-term energy/fuel for nervous system
  • building block=glucose
  • found in plant-based foods
  • whole grains, fruits, vegetables=main sources
  • use glycogen to store excess carbs for short term
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6
Q

5 things about Lipids

A
  • used in long-term energy storage, insulation, shock absorbers, cell membranes, hormones…
  • not all lipids are unhealthy
  • limit: meat, eggs, vegetable oils
  • emphasize: nuts, seeds, fish, olive oil
  • excess macronutrients are stored as lipids in adipose cells
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7
Q

5 things about Proteins

A
  • not preferred as an energy source
  • provide raw materials for body, builds structures and regulates functions
  • get from meat, eggs, dairy, tofu, legumes, grains, and vegetables
  • amino acids=building block
  • 20 different amino acids, essential and non-essential
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8
Q

What is the EAR and who’s needs does it meet?

A

Estimated Average Requirement, meets needs of 50% of the population

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9
Q

What is the RDA and who’s needs does it meet?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance, used for individual nutrient calculation

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10
Q

What is the best way to get complete amino acids?

A

Eat a variety of foods with complimentary amino acids and consume adequate calories

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11
Q

5 things about Water

A
  • surrounds all cells to carry nutrients/waste products
  • cushions joints and spinal cord
  • lubricates mucus membranes
  • provides environment for chemical reactions
  • maintains body temperature
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12
Q

What are vitamins and what do they do?

A

Essential, non-caloric, organic molecules that aid in digestion, absorption, and metabolism

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13
Q

What are minerals and what do they do?

A

Naturally occurring chemical elements that form parts of bodily structures and help regulate blood pressure and heart rate

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14
Q

What are 4 dietary reference intakes?

A
  • EAR (Estimated Average Requirement)
  • RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
  • AI (Adequate Intake)
  • UL (Upper Intake Level)
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15
Q

How do dietary reference intakes help you?

A

Reduce you risk for chronic diseases and nutrient deficiency

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16
Q

When is an Adequate Intake Reference used?

A

When there is insufficient data to set an EAR or RDA

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17
Q

What is the UL?

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level, not safe to take more than this level chronically

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18
Q

5 means of acquiring data Unscientifically

A
  • Tenacity: Believing with no evidence
  • Hearsay: Secondhand Info.
  • Authority: relying on authority figures word
  • Spirituality: confusing facts with morals
  • Empiricism: knowledge from personal experience
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19
Q

Difference between Hypothesis and Theory

A

A hypothesis predicts a relationship between variables and must be testable, a theory is supported by data already and is the current best explanation for something

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20
Q

List the 8 steps of there scientific method

A
  • State problem
  • Propose hypothesis
  • Design test
  • Predict results
  • gather data/conduct study
  • tell whether results support hypothesis
  • make conclusions
  • integrate into a theory
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21
Q

What must experimental research have?

A
  • An independent variable that is manipulated to test effects on a dependent variable
  • A control group
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22
Q

Difference between investigative and clinical experiments

A

Clinical experiments involve study of humans

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23
Q

Difference between correlational and descriptive observational research

A

Correlational examines a relationship between variables while descriptive examines characteristics of a group that is relatively unknown

24
Q

Main sources of scientific information

A

Peer-reviewed articles (primary and secondary) and magazines or journals

25
Q

Anatomy of a Research article

A 
Intro (Abstract)
Subjects
Materials/Methods
Results
Discussion
26
Q

What is glucose converted into and what is it stored as

A

ATP

Glycogen

27
Q

What is hunger?

A

The uneasy or painful sensation caused by a recurrent or involuntary lack of food. May result in malnutrition over time.

28
Q

What is food security?

A

Access to sufficient food for an active and healthy lifestyle. Involves availability of nutritionally adequate food acquirable in a socially acceptable way

29
Q

Who are the hungry?

A
  • The Poor
  • those in rural areas
  • households headed by women
  • households affected by chronic diseases
  • children under age 5
  • areas affected by droughts or war
30
Q

Why are people hungry?

A
  • Poor government policies
  • Poverty
  • Drought
  • War
  • Disease
  • Overpopulation
  • Poor child feeding
31
Q

What are the 7 roles of proteins?

A
  • Growth and maintenance of tissues
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Transportation
  • Energy
32
Q

What is digestion?

A

breaking down food using enzymes so the nutrients can be absorbed

33
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Triglycerides

34
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

The deficiency or excess of a nutrient

35
Q

What is the difference between 1st and 2nd degree malnutrition?

A

2nd degree malnutrition is called malabsorptive hunger, 1st degree involves micro or macronutrient deficiency or hunger

36
Q

What is marasmus? When does it usually occur?

A

Disease of Starvation- Severe inadequacy of energy, protein and vitamins/minerals. Strikes in childhood

37
Q

What are the 9 symptoms of marasmus?

A
  • Wasting of muscles
  • absence of subcutaneous fat
  • loss of skin elasticity and moisture
  • thin, dry hair
  • impaired nutrient absorption
  • potassium depletion from diarrhea
  • impaired immune system
  • low heart rate and blood pressure
  • anemia
38
Q

What are 9 symptoms specific to Kwashiorkor?

A
  • Common in 1-3 year olds
  • Protein deficient, with adequate calories
  • edema in the belly and legs
  • skin lesions
  • subcutaneous fat preserved
  • malabsorption leading to diarrhea
  • enlarged liver
  • distended abdomen
  • respiratory infections
39
Q

What are the chances of recovery from malnutrition?

A

20%-60%, but 95% in acute cases. Stunting in growth/height is normal though

40
Q

Name 3 things about Vitamin A and its main food sources

A

-Aids in vision in dim light
-deficiency leads to night blindness
-forms epithelial tissues
Sources (Retinol) : Eggs, liver, milk
Secondary: (beta carotene) : broccoli, spinach, sweet potatoes, carrots, apricots, mangos

41
Q

2 different Vitamin A deficiencies

A

Keratinization: mucus-secreting cells replaced by keratin producing cells
Xerophthalmia: hardening of cornea leading to blindness

42
Q

Name the function of Iodine and main food sources

A

Used to synthesize thyroid gland hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and brain development
Sources: food from the ocean, food grown in coastal soil

43
Q

What are 6 symptoms of iodine deficiency?

A

lethargy, feeling cold, poor learning, weight gain, goiters, cretinism

44
Q

4 things about Iron

A
  • found in red blood cells and muscle cells
  • hemoglobin: delivers oxygen to cells (found in rbc’s)
  • myoglobin: holds oxygen for muscle cells
  • iron is at the center of these proteins
45
Q

7 symptoms of iron deficiency

A

-lack of energy, feeling cold, impaired learning, lack of concentration, anemia (abnormal rbc’s), pica (craving strange foods)

46
Q

How much iron do men/women need?

A

Men: 8mg/day
Women: 18mg/day and 30mg/day when pregnant

47
Q

What is heme iron?

A

Iron found in blood

48
Q

What percentage of household food production id done by women? What work is done by men?

A

Women: 65-80%. Also 100% cleaning/cooking/child care
Men: Tend large livestock and plough cash crops

49
Q

How is population measured?

A

Births/Deaths and Immigration/Emigration changes over a specified period of time

50
Q

What does TFR stand for? DT?

A

Total Fertility Rate

Doubling Time

51
Q

What are animal populations limited by?

A

Carrying capacity, they live off of resources of the land and a population larger than carrying capacity will kill off the weakest

52
Q

What is Malthusian Theory?

A

Any time an individual produces more than one reproducing offspring, they are contributing to exponential growth. (A.K.A. more than 2 kids/family)

53
Q

What are the two ways to maintain a stable population?

A

High births offset by high deaths

Low births offset by low deaths

54
Q

How do we calculate the population’s impact on the planet?

A

I=PxAxT
p=population
a=affluence (wealth)
t=technology pollution influence

55
Q

What are solutions to overpopulation?

A

Family planning clinics
Education of women
affordability/availability of healthcare
more even distribution of resources

NuFS-139 (3 decks)

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