Exam 1

Question 1

What is the only aa that has buffering properties

Answer 1

Histidine, sits at ph 6-7

Question 2

Tryptophan is a precursor to what molecule

Answer 2

Serotonin

Question 3

What molecule is a major player in tryptophan being able to cross the blood brain barrier

Answer 3

Insulin, generally from response to high carb diet

Question 4

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS

Answer 4

Glutamate

Question 5

What functions is glutamate a key player in

Answer 5

Pain sensation
Neuronal plasticity
Central sensitization

Question 6

What does the primary structure of a protein determine

Answer 6

Shape AND function

Question 7

What is the importance of substance p

Answer 7

It is a neuropeptide that is co- released with glutamate to create a greater sense of pain and injury in the system.

Question 8

What number of aa corresponds with a polypeptide

Answer 8

10-20 aa

Question 9

What number of aa corresponds to proteins

Answer 9

> 20 aa

Question 10

What are the functional classes of proteins

Answer 10

Enzymes
Transport
Mechanical support
Contractile
Control and signaling

Question 11

What is the cause of sicke cell anemia

Answer 11

A non conservative change of a Hb protein of glutamate, for valine

Question 12

What aa h-bond together in an alpha helix

Answer 12

1st and 5th

Question 13

What is average distance between turns when h-bonding occurs in an alpha helix

Answer 13

3.6aa/ turn

Question 14

Why is the anti parallel nature of beta sheets stronger than a parallel structure

Answer 14

The h bonds are closer together in a anti parallel structure, while there is a slightly larger distance between the bonds in a parallel structure, thus making the bonds weaker

Question 15

Where is beta sheeting often found

Answer 15

Inside the cell, and often pulls proteins together

Question 16

Which secondary structure makes up half of the globular proteins

Answer 16

Beta sheeting

Question 17

What is the predominant aa in the collagen triple helix

Answer 17

Glycine- approx every 3rd aa in the chain

Question 18

What is the basic unit of collagen

Answer 18

Tropocollagen

Question 19

What is the basic structure of tropocollagen

Answer 19

3 separate peptide chains held together by interchain h bonds

Question 20

A polyproline strand will form what structure

Answer 20

A TRIPLE helix

Question 21

What factor is required for proper collagen formation

Answer 21

Vitamin c, lack of will lead to scurvy

Question 22

What causes cross linking in collagen

Answer 22

Losing residues
Larger amounts cause aging
Lack of cross linking causes stretchy skin

Question 23

What is the specific structure of protein due to

Answer 23

Hydrophobic bonding

Specific side chain interactions

Question 24

What is the strongest 3* structure interactions

Answer 24

Disulfide bridges

Question 25

What is the weakest 3* interaction

Answer 25

Van der waals forces

Question 26

How does urea denature a protein

Answer 26

Out-competes for h bonding of protein structures at all levels

Question 27

How many bonds are needed for a biuret reaction to occur

Answer 27

At least 2 peptide bonds

Question 28

What does hydrolysis and proteases do to protein

Answer 28

Denatures by breaking peptide bonds

Question 29

How can you separate out individual proteins

Answer 29

Gel electrophoresis

Question 30

What molecule musts specifically be present for o2 to bind a Hb

Answer 30

Fe2+ | Must be present in the heme group of Hb

Question 31

Why doesn't met Hb bind O2

Answer 31

Because it contains Fe3+

Question 32

What is the better O2 carrier in the body

Answer 32

Mb because it only has one heme group to bond it's able to deliver O2 faster ( creates a left shifted curve)

Question 33

How does CO2 affect the function of Hb

Answer 33

Lowers the affinity for O2 but does not directly bind the heme group. ( binds the nh3 end)

Question 34

How does CO affect O2 transport

Answer 34

Directly competes for the heme group and binds to fe2+ | Able to displace o2 at low concentrations

Question 35

What is the Bohr effect

Answer 35

Higher h+ levels causes decree in o2 affinity for the heme group allowing more o2 to be released into the body. Important when metabolically active and body creates slight acidic environment

Question 36

What is the affect of BPG

Answer 36

Binds two subunits of Hb causing lowered affinity of o2 and a right shift on the graph

Question 37

What are the affects of fetal Hb

Answer 37

Does not bind BPG, so you get a left shifted graph

Question 38

What is HbA1c used for

Answer 38

Long term view of blood glucose levels

Question 39

What are the types of chains making up the shape of the antibodies

Answer 39

2 heavy chains | 2 light chains

Question 40

What is the predominant structure of the antibody

Answer 40

Beta sheeting domains

Question 41

How is the antibody held together

Answer 41

Disulfide bridges

Question 42

Where are the binding sites for antigens located on the antibody

Answer 42

On the variable region at two identical sites