Exam 1

Question 1

sociology

Answer 1

the scientific study of individuals and small group intactions

Question 2

personality psychology

Answer 2

the study of the role of individual differences

Question 3

sociology

Answer 3

the study of groups organizations and socieites rather than individuals

Question 4

construals

Answer 4

the way in which people percieve comprehend and interpret the social world

Question 5

construals are shaped by

Answer 5

the need to feel good about ourselves (self-esteem approach)

The need to be accurate (social cognition approach

Question 6

Types of Research

Answer 6

descriptive research
correlational research
experimental method

Question 7

descriptive methods

Answer 7

describes what is happening observations

Question 8

correlational methods

Answer 8

examines the relationship between two variables

Question 9

experimental methods

Answer 9

manipulate one or more variables while controlling all others

Question 10

independent variable

Answer 10

the variable that the experimenter manipulates; also the cause

Question 11

dependent variable

Answer 11

the variable measured for changes or differences; also the effect

Question 12

quasi experiments

Answer 12

when you cannot randomly assign people to group

Question 13

experimental methods

Answer 13

internal validity v. external validity

Question 14

internal validity

Answer 14

making sure that nothing besides independent variable can affect the dependent variable

Question 15

external validity

Answer 15

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to to other people and situations

Question 16

mundane realism

Answer 16

the exten to which experimental findings can be generalized to the real world

Question 17

psychological realism

Answer 17

the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life

Question 18

field experiments

Answer 18

study behavior outside of the lab in natural setting

Question 19

social cognition

Answer 19

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically how people select interpret remember and use social information to make judgements and decisions

Question 20

schemas

Answer 20

the mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects

Question 21

Schemas are used to

Answer 21

1. Help us organize and make sense of our world
2. fill in the gaps of
   the knowledge

Question 22

Schema accessability

Answer 22

the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgements about the social world

Question 23

Schemas priming

Answer 23

the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema trait or concept

Question 24

availibility heuristic

Answer 24

a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease they can bring something to mind

Question 25

representativeness heuristic

Answer 25

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

Question 26

counterfactual reasoning

Answer 26

mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been

Question 27

Positive consequences of counterfactual reasoning

Answer 27

focuses on people's attention on the ways they can cope better in the future

Question 28

negative consequences of counterfactual reasoning

Answer 28

people repetitively focus on negative things in their lives

Question 29

social perception

Answer 29

the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

Question 30

nonverbal communication

Answer 30

the way in which people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words

Question 31

Three reasons decoding people's facial expression

Answer 31

affect blends, people may try to mask emotions, culture

Question 32

nonverbal cues include

Answer 32

``` facial expressions gestures body position/movement tone of voice gaze the use of touch artifacts ```

Question 33

attributions

Answer 33

a description of the way in which peole explain the causes of their own and other people's behaviors

Question 34

the two step process of attributions

Answer 34

you consciously slow down think carefully before reaching a judgement 2. you are motivated to reach an accurate judgment 3. you are suspicious about he behavior

Question 35

fundamental attribution error

Answer 35

make internal attribution for other's failures

Question 36

illusory correlation

Answer 36

tend to see relationships where there are none

Question 37

just world assumption

Answer 37

blaming the victim

Question 38

self serving bias

Answer 38

my success is because of me; my failure is because of you

Question 39

bias blind spot

Answer 39

tendency to think others are more susceptible to attributional biases

Question 40

confirmation bias

Answer 40

look for inof to support your beliefs

Question 41

belief perserverance

Answer 41

ignore evidence against your beliefs

Question 42

false consensus

Answer 42

our opinions, belifs are common

Question 43

mere ownership

Answer 43

if i own it it is good

Question 44

hindsight bias

Answer 44

change memories to fit new info

Question 45

self-concept

Answer 45

what a person beleives about him or herself

Question 46

self concept is made up of

Answer 46

self schemas

Question 47

identity

Answer 47

definitions of self that distinguish sell from others

Question 48

self esteem

Answer 48

evlauative component of self concept

Question 49

Culture and gender differences--Culture

Answer 49

women- relational interdependence | men- collective interdependence and focus on their memberships in larger groups

Question 50

self awareness theory

Answer 50

the idea that when people focus on their attention on themselves. They evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Question 51

self-perception theory

Answer 51

the theory that when our attitudes and feeling are uncertain or ambiguous we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 52

physiological arousal

Answer 52

ephinephrine informed, epinephrine ignorant | placebo

Question 53

goal of ethnography

Answer 53

tries to understand the group or culture without imposing his or her own ideas on it