Pro-Social behavior Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Two theories on why people help
A
evolutionary psychology
social exchange theory
2
Q
evolutionary psychology theory
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the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
3
Q
kin selection
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- the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selecion
- increase chances genes will be pased along by ensuring that genetic relatives have children
- natural selection should favor altruistic acts directed toward genetic relative
4
Q
examples of kin selection
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you’d rather save kids that are related to you from a burning building rather than kids that you don’t know; even though they’re not your kids
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Q
example of evolutionary psychology : the perpetuation of the speices gets passed on to the offspring
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if you’re mean your meannes gets passed on to your kids, if you don’t have kids it doesn’t get passed on
6
Q
Norm of reciprocity
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the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help in the future
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Q
Social exchange theory
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what we do stems from desire to minimize costs –in relationships with others, try to maximize the ration of social rewards to social costs
8
Q
Empathy
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the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience event and emotions the way that person experiences them
9
Q
example of empathy
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we don’t look at homeless people because we don’t want to feel empathy and feel the need to help them
10
Q
Empathy - Altruism Hypothesis
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the idea that when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons
- regardless of what we have to gain
11
Q
3 underlying pro-social behavior
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evolutionary psychology
social exchange theory
empathy-altruism hypothesis
12
Q
Why do some people help more than other ?
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- individual difference
- gender differences in Pro-social behavior
- cultural differences
13
Q
individual differences
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altruistic personality - the qualities that cause an individual to help to others in a wide variety of situation
14
Q
Gender differences in pro-social behavior
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- males are likely to help in chivalrous and heroic ways
- females are more likely to help in
15
Q
Gender differences in pro-social behavior
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- males are likely to help in chivalrous and heroic ways
- females are more likely to help in nurturing ways
16
Q
Cultural Differences
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- Ingroup v. outgroup
- simpatia
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Q
In group v. out group
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IG- any group you belong to
OG- two teams, one is your group the other is opposing
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Q
you only help the out group is
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when you get something out of it; help the out group of empathy
19
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Simpatia
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-prominent in Spanish-speaking countries
-refers to a range of social and emotional traits
friendly
polite
good-natured
pleasant
helpful toward others
20
Q
mood
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good mood= more likely to help people
21
Q
The Bystander Effect
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ex: Kitty genovese’s murder
22
Q
kitty genovese murder
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killed in front of her appt. building, and then left and came back to finish her off. No one helped her. (some people said they did call the call the police )
23
Q
bystander intervention decision tree components
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-Notice the event
-interpret the event as an emergency
-assume responsibility
-know appropriate form of assistance
implement decision
24
Q
Pluralistic ignorance ex.
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fire-alarm goes off but no one make any moves toward door; panics or no one interprets as a problem
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Pluralistic ignorance ex.
fire-alarm goes off but no one make any moves toward door; panics or no one interprets as a problem
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Communal relationships
-people's primary concern is with the welfare of other person ( pay no attention to who is getting what)
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exchange relationships
concerns about equity-- that what you put in to the relationships equals what you'd get out of it
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example of communal relationships
your kids, you don't pay attention to who gets what because you're not getting it back
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example of exchange relationships
a friend you want your money back if you loan it to them
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How do people get help?
- Being aware of bystander effect
- conducting more research in positive psych
- increasing volunterism
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Being aware of bystander effect
knowing there is a possibility that no one will help if i don't
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conducting more research in positive psych
trying to give people incentives to help with positive psych rather than negative psych
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increasing volunterism
if you give people an incentive to give back the community that will allow them to have more empathy make them want to help more
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Definiton of aggression
behavior intended to harm or injure another person animal self
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aggression in men
men are physically agg than women
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aggression in women
more indirect aggressive than men (passive aggressive)
| ex: getting all my friends to stop talking to one friend because she made me mad
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instrumental aggression
aggresion as a menas to some goal other than causing pain
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ex of instrumental aggression
playing football; not mean spirited just trying to get the job done (not angry at the other team )
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Hostile aggression
aggression stemming form feeling of anger aimed at inflicting
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example of hostile aggression
catching wife cheating on you and shooting everyone
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example of hostile aggression
catching wife cheating on you and shooting everyone
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the seville statement
- warfare is a human phenomenon
- war is not genetically programmed into us
- evolution has favored cooperation and social functions (over aggression)
- there is no "instinct for war"
- Humans don't have a violent brain
- We are not destined to war; we are capable of peace
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evolutionary argument for what causes aggression (men)
- men are more physically aggressive than females
| - aggression is genetically programmed into men (testosterone differences may have a lot to do with it)
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evolution argument for what causes aggression (women)
women tend to be smaller; so they are more likely to try to hurt you feeling instead
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cultural argument for aggression
aggression is an optional strategy
| - capacity for aggression exists
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the expression of aggression have to do with
circumstances and culture
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the expression of aggression have to do with
circumstances and culture
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Cultural argument : social learning
we learn aggression and when to aggress by watching others
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example of social learning
if someone is talking mess to your dad how he responds is how you are learning to handle certain situations
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correlational studies (social learning)
movie violence, TV violence video games violence
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media violence
- increase physiological arousal and excitement
- triggers tendency imitate violent characters
- primes aggressive ideas and expectation
- priems our social scripts (agg is okay)
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bottom line about aggression
aggressive media increases aggression ppl
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Theories of aggression
instinct theorists
drive theory
arousal theory (Zillman)
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Instinct theories (Freud)
life and death instincts
- we have a life and death instincts makes us aggressive
(territoriality) q
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instinct theories (Lorenz)
either for sex (who gets to mate with a female; or just marking their territory) as humans he said we can control our aggression
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Drive theory (Miller Dollard) Frustration Aggression
Frustration causes aggression
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Frustration aggression theory revised (Berkowitz)
aversive events cause negative effect which may cause aggression
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Arousal theory (Zillman)
we transfer our arousal from one situation to another
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example of arousal theory
have a bad day and yell at your roommate. the day made you mad not your roommate
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example of arousal theory
have a bad day and yell at your roommate. the day made you mad not your roommate
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Factors that influence aggression
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Physiological factors ( the limbic, genetics)
Chemicals inside and outside the body
aversive effects
models
hostile and non hostile humor
cues
gender
moderate/ high sexual arousal
rampage killers
```
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Physiological-- the limbic system
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
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hypothalamus
-hunger, thirst aggression can be part of the fight or flight response
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hippocampus
the memory relay; the part of our brain attacked in rabies-- then people get aggressive responses
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amygdala
implicated in fear and aggressive responses
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prefrontal cortex
more aggressive people may have underdeveloped prefrontal cortexes
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Physiological factors (genetics)
aggressive personality
| - you may have inherited a tendency to be aggressive but it may not develop
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chemicals inside the body
Neurotransmitters
sex hormones
pheromones
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neurotransmitters
some cause aggression
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sex hormones
testosterone: violent criminal had more testosterone than non violent criminals (goes for men and women)
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pheromones
when you introduce pheromones to the certain type of pheromones to the certain type of pheromones that increase aggression
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Chemicals outside the body
alcohol
THC
Steroids
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alcohol
in large amounts makes people more aggressive
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THC
low amounts increase aggression but high amounts you're doing nothing
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steroids
increase aggression 'roid- rage' because it is synthetic testosterone
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aversive effects include
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provocation
pain
high temperature
high noise
relative deprivation
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provocation
ex someone talks about yo mama (not a lot of gender differences, everyone gets aggressive)
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pain
increases aggression in humans and animals
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high temperature
makes people in crowds angry
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high temperature
makes people in crowds angry
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high noise
when your roommate is playing with loud music ( you may get aggressive)
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relative deprivation
my perception ( i think you're getting ahead faster than me )
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models
when they're more aggressive makes us more aggressive
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Non hostile humor
human at no one's expense ( no aggression)
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hostile humor
humor at someone's expense (can cause aggression)
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cues
ex: if you have the gun in the room you get more aggressive
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gender
men are more aggressive physically
women are more aggressive emotionally
men are slightly more aggressive overall
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Moderate/ high sexual arousal
this increases aggression
| mild sexual arousal decreases aggression
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Rampage killders
usually always have a precipitating event
most are white males
(sometimes college degree, sometimes miliary exp)
(sometimes they are older)
(they rarely are into video games 6/100)
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Components in preventing and controlling aggression
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Punishment
catharsis
social learning
incompatible responses
drugs
training in: communication and problem solving
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punishment
only works if (these things are rarely had)
- follow immediately after aggressive act
- is of sufficient strength to overcome original motives
- high probability that aggression will be followed by punishment
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Catharsis
displace the aggression in some way other than being aggressive
it doesn't work on average; physiological arousal goes up so does aggression
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ex of catharsis
you go for a run, punch something etc
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social learning
teach pro-social behavior or alternative wyas to act
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example of social learning to prevent aggression
in schools young kids have mediators to resolve conflicts
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example of social learning to prevent aggression
in schools young kids have mediators to resolve conflicts
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incompatible responses
empathy, non hostile mild sexual arousal when you feel any of these three things you can't be aggressive impossible to feel both at the same time
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drugs
the military tried to find drugs that would take the aggression out of the enemies so they wouldn't have to fight
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chemical castration
give male convicts or rapists making them take estrogen so its harder to perform
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training in communication and problem solving skills
absolutely works
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What do we do with our anger?
- control anger by "actively enabling it to dissipate
- venting vs self awareness
- apologizing-- defusing anger
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control anger by actively enabling it to dissapate
ex: counting to ten
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control anger by actively enabling it to dissapate
ex: counting to ten
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venting
if close friend or spouse makes you angry expressing anger may allow you to
--gain insight into yourself and dynamics of the relationships
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the best way to resolve conflict
it is best to reveal anger to the person who provoked you
| --also it can be helpful to write down feeling in a journal
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defusing anger through an apology to reduce aggression
take responsibility
apologize
indicate it is unlikely to happen again
"oops my bad"
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Components of prejudice
Stereotype - cognitive-
prejudice- affective-
discrimination- behavioral-
oppression- societal or institutional-
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Stereotypes
beliefs about the personal attributes shared by a group of people
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the purpose of stereotypes
to simplify and organize people
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prejudice
evaluation of a person based on group membership
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ubiquitous
it is everywhere
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Prejudice is ubiquitous means
it affects us all; any group can be the target
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examples of aspects of identity that can cause you to be labeled and discriminated against
- nationally
- racial and ethnic identity
- sexual orientation
- religion
- appearance
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examples of aspects of identity that can cause you to be labeled and discriminated against
- nationally
- racial and ethnic identity
- sexual orientation
- religion
- appearance
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How is prejudice dangerous
it can escalate to extreme hatred, torture , murder, and even genocide
-- targets of prejudice can also suffer in less dramatic ways
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a frequent consequence of prejudice
the dimunition of one's self esteem
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Discrimination -- behavioral
behavioral acceptance or rejection of someone based on group membership
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positive discrimination
"i treat you well because I like the group you belong to "
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negative discrimination
"i treat you badly because I like the group you belong to "
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micro-aggressions
slights, indignities and "put downs" directed at minorities and people with disabilities
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example of micro-aggressions
an attractive blonde female comes to the professor's office and she did well on a math test; the teach says "Good for you!" because she totally though the woman wasn't that smart
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When will prejudices be revealed
in 'safe' situations
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examples of safe situations
when you're drunk or stoned or just lost your inhibitions
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activating implicit prejudices: observing actual behavior
if there are two men who need you to loan them money and they are the same in anything but one thing
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activating implicit prejudices: observing actual behavior
if there are two men who need you to loan them money and they are the same in anything but one thing
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oppression
| can include-
societal or institutional discrimination
| women, black, overweight
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Theories of prejudice
social learning
motivational theory
group conflict theory
realistic group conflict b. relative deprivation
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social learning theory of prejudice
copying other people
- what's going on in the media
- what celebs are saying
- what our parents are saying
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Motivational theory of prejudice
prejudice is displaced aggression
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example of motivational theory
when the economy tanked and you need someone to blame for what is all going wrong and a lot of times people go after powerless people
(what hitler did to the jews)
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group conflict theory of prejudice
prejudice can be traced to conflict between two groups (us v. them) (ingroup v. outrgoup)
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realistic group conflict
when two groups are in competition for scarce resources
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Example of realistic group conflict
colorado has a lot of the water. if colorado dams up the river and not share their water. Arizona and Cali are going to be prejudiced toward one another because their now in competition for the water
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robber's cave experiment
there were two campls and they didn't meet until the second week. both camps individually became a cohesive in group. so when they met they were able to play baseball together. WHile competing in baseball. There was a dispute and they hated each other
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will there always be prejudice
there is always going to be competition for resources so yes there will always be prejudice
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relative deprivation
discontent form the subjective feeling of being deprived more than some other person or group (which means you think you're being deprived)
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cognitive processes that might lead to prejudice
social categorization
salience
self fulfilling
inflexible categories
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cognitive processes that might lead to prejudice
social categorization
salience
self fulfilling
inflexible categories
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how social categorization that might lead to prejudice
people divide the world the world into "us v. them"
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illusion of homogeneity
belief that "they"are more similar than they actually are
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examples of the illusion of homogeneity
all women are really emotional; men are really aggressive
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salience
prominent cues (you stick out)
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examples of salience
if you're the only women in a bunch of men
(suddenly become aware that you're the only one)
another ex. - salience
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examples of salience in the office
if you enter into a department and you are black wit a whole bunch of white people. everyone was around judging her and she has to prove herself way more than everyone else did. If she gets a grant she def got lucky if the older white male gets a grant he is awesome. Even if they both fail, she failed because she is terrible he failed because he caught a bad break.
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Self- fulfilling prophecy example
you say you want to become a psych major . you want to go to the advisinng office and you were told the secretary was awesome. You walk in to the secretary and she is normal and gives you the form.
--if you're told the secretary is a bitch, you go in there tough and she is tough back
she will be what you expect her to be
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Effects of prejudice on the victim
self-fulfilling prophecy
| stereotype threat
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Self fulfilling prophecy effects on the prejudice of the victim
if a society believes that a particular group is stupid, uneducatable it will act in accordance with beliefs
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Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim
educational resources will not be provided to that group
the consequence--- the group will not attain adequate education
the result -- the society's original
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the consequence of Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim
the group will not attain adequate education
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the result Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim
the society's original belief will be confirmed
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the result Effects of the self fulfilling prophecy on the prejudice of the victim
the society's original belief will be confirmed
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Self fulfilling prophecy effects of prejudice on the victim
if we think they aren't worht our time; then these kids don't get into colleges ad then they don't get good jobs and the government is like "good think we didn't spend money on them"
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Stereotype threat
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
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example of stereotype threat
white males and asian males took a math test. whites did worse because asians are supposed to be better at math
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example of stereotype threat
white males and asian males took a math test. whites did worse because asians are supposed to be better at math
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how can the effects of the stereotype threat be reversed
simply understanding stereotype threat can improve
- simply understanding stereotype threat can improve performance
- reminding participants they were "selective northeastern liberal arts college" students eliminated the gender gap on spatial ability test
- also when you tell people they can get smarter they believe in that and that reverses stereotype threat
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Reducing prejudice on the individual level
look for experiences that support your new attitude
behave in ways that support your new attitudes
(say things out loud and see how they sound)
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components of reducing prejudice on the group level
allport contact theory
| contact theory revised
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allport contact theory
intergroup contact decreases hostility when contact meets 3 conditions
- close contact
- cooperative interdependence
- contact must be of equal (perceived) status
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revised contact theory
```
mutual interdependence
common goal
equal status
friendly; informal setting
knowing multiple out group members
social norms of equality
```
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jigsaw classroom example
they put a bunch of a type of kids in one group
the black kids, white kids, asian kids, disabled kids, then they took one kid form each group and made another group with them and they all had info to share with one another
