Exam 1 Flashcards by Ross Taylor

PCV

% of whole blood that is RBCs

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Buffy Coat

Leukocytes, nRBCs, platelets

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Yellow colored Plasma

indicates icterus or carotene diet

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White colored Plasma

indicates lipemia

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Red colored Plasma

indicates hemolysis

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Total Nucleated Cell Count

counts all nucleated cells (including nRBCs)

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Absolute Leukocyte count

TNCC x %differencial

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Where will platelet clumps be found on a blood smear?

Feathered edge

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How big are macroplatelets/giant platelets?

about the size of a RBC

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Hematocrit (calculation)

MCVxRBC / 10

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Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (calculation)

Hgb/PCV x 100

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Red cell Distribution Width

describes relative width of the size distribution curve

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Neutrophil Production Line

Myeloblast -> Progranulocyte -> Myelocyte -> Metamyelocyte -> Band -> Segmented

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How many segmented neutrophils result from 1 myeloblast?

16-32

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How many segmented Neutrophils result from 1 Metamyelocyte?

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Left shift

inc. concentration of immature neutrophils (bands and metas)

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“Orderly” Maturation

concentration of cells inc. w/ maturity

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leukemia

presence of neoplastic cells in blood or marrow

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Toxic Neutrophils

accelerated production of neutrophils => persistance of ribosomes (more basophilic cytoplasm)

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Pelger-Huet Anomaly

Neutrophils fail to segment

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Birman Cat Neutrophil granulation Anomaly

distinct granulation in cytoplasm

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Chediak-Higashe Syndrome

neutrophil lysosomes fuse => dec. efficiency

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Lysosomal Storage disorders

inability for lysosomes to break down contents

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Excitement Leukogram

leukophilia, lymphocytosis (cats)

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Stress Leukogram

lymphopenia, neutrophilia (>2x means inflammation too)

Inflamation Leukogram

poss. Left shift, neutrophilia (acute), Neutropenia (chronic)

Causes of Neutrophilia

inflamation, exitement (w/ lymphocytosis), stress (w/ Lymphopenia

Causes of Lymphocytosis

Exitement, lymphocytic leukemia, antigenic stimulation, ehlichiosis

Causes of Neutropenia

inflammation, immune mediated destruction, lack of production

Causes of lymphopenia

stress (w/ neutrophilia), acute viral infection, innunodeficiency

Causes of Monocytosis

inflammation, stress

Causes of Eosinophilia

Parasitism, hypersensitivity, eosinophil chemoattractant lesions

Echinocytes

many short spicules <= crenation, electrolyte imbalance, non-specific dz (renal), rattlesnake venom

Acanthocytes

few uneven projections <= hepatic lipidosis, hamangiosarcoma

Schistocytes

erythrocyte fragments <= intravascular trauma (DIC), Fe deficiency

Keratocyte

spicules created by blistering

Spherocyte

small RBCs lacking central pallor <= IMHA

Ecccntrocytes

hemoglobin shifts to one side of the cell

Torocyte

bowl shaped <= rbc going through capillary

Heinz Body

oxidated Hgb (doesn't show w/ dif quick stain)

Causes of Heinz Bodies

All - alliums; Cats - acetaminophen, propylene glycol, illness; Dogs Cephalosporins, zinc toxicity; Horses - wilted maple leaves; Sheep - copper toxicity

Basophilic Stippling

Abnormal aggregation of ribosomes (basophilic granules)

Howell-Jolly bodies

remnants of nucleus (visible on dif quick stain)

RBC Parasites

Mycoplasma haemofelis/haemocanis, Cytauxzoon felis, Babesia canis/gibsoni

Rouleaux

stacking of RBCs. Normal in horses, suggests inc. globulin

Anemia

dec. number/size of RBCs

Signs of Anemia

pale MM, lethargy, inc. RR + HR

Acute Blood Loss

TP dec. w/ PCV

Methemoglobinemia

Fe is in ferric state, incapable of carrying oxygen

Causes of Methemoglobinemia

acetaminophen toxicity, nitrite poisoning, wilted maple leaves

Signs of RBC Parasites

splenomegaly, lethargy, anemia

Hypophosphotemic Anemia

dec. P => dec. glycolysis => denatured RBC => destruction

Aplastic Anemia

generalized bone marrow suppression

Adhesion Factors

von Wilibrand Factor, ADP, Ca, serotonin

Platelet Activation

shape change (disc -> amoeba), flips membrane, secretes granules

Mechanisms of Thrombocytopenia

Loss, Consumption, destruction, dec. production, abnormal distribution

Pseaudothrombocytopenia

machine miscount due to clumping and platelets

Acquired qualitative platelet disorders

uremia, drugs, fibrin degeneration, paraproteins

Inherited Qualitative Platelet Disorders

Absence of glycoprotein receptors and/or platelet granules, signal transduction defects, von Willebrand's Factor Deficiency

Thrombopoetin

regulatory enzyme for thrombopoesis, produced in the liver

Tissue factor

required for initiating secondary hemostasis

Thrombin

needed to turn fibrinogen into fibrin. promotes amplification by acting on Va, VII, VIIIa, and XI.

What are the 4 Vitamin K dependent factors?

II, VII, IX, X

What 3 components contribute to coagulation efficiency?

Ca, Platelet membrane, Factor V

What cofactor is required for antithrombin to inactivate thrombin?

Heparin

What are the two major end-‐products of fibrinolysis?

FDP and D-dimers

What are the 2 tests that access the intrinsic/common pathway?

aPTT, ACT

What is the 1 test that accesses the extrinsic/common pathway?

What 2 tests do you use to access fibrinolytic activity?

Quantitative kits, FDP and PLT funtion tests

What is the mechanism of warfarin toxicosis?

inhibition of coumarins (recharging Vit K)

What is the mechanism of DIC?

Hypercoagulable Phase: thrombosis, ischemic necrosis. | Consumptive phase: consumption of PLTs, coag factors, AT

Equine Blood types

Aa and Qa

Major Crossmatching

Patient's serum, Donor's RBC

Minor Cross matching

Patient's RBC, Donor's serum

Exam 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)