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Clinical Pathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Polycythemia

A

Inc. RBC concentration (PCV)

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2
Q

Polycythemia: Relative causes

A

dehydration, fluid shifts, redistribution

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3
Q

Polycythemia: Absolute causes

A

Inc. erythropoietin (chronic hypocia, renal cyst/tumor), myeloproliferative disorder

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4
Q

Leukemia

A

presence of neoplastic cells in peripheral blood/bone marrow

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5
Q

Leukemia: Classification by amount

A

Leukemic, Subleukemic, Aleukemic

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6
Q

Leukemia: Classification by maturity

A

Acute, Chronic

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7
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

immature (blast) neoplastic cells, short patient survival time

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8
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

mature cells, long patient survival time

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9
Q

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

A

lymphocyte and plasma cell neoplasm

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10
Q

Myeloproliferative Disorders

A

Bone marrow stem cell neoplasm

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11
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Signs

A

pale MM, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lethargy, Wt loss

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12
Q

Lymphoma: CBC Abnormalities

A

anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphoblasts in blood

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13
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Lymphocyte appearance

A

small and well diferentiated

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14
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: CBC Abnormalities

A

Lymphocytosis, poss. anemia and thrombocytopenia,

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15
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Inc. plasma cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Lab Findings

A

Mono/Biclonal gammopathy, Bence-Jones proteins in urine

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17
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Signs

A

Lethargy, Anorexia, lameness, bleeding from nares, PU/PD, fundoscopic changes

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18
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Morphologic Abnormailities

A

Inc RBC lineage size, poss. inc. platelet and seg size, dysynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation

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19
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Signs

A

lethargy, anorexia, wt loss

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20
Q

Fluid Cytology: Important Components

A

Cell concentration, Protein concentration, and types of cells present

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21
Q

Fluid Formation: Pure Transudate

A

hypoalbuminemia

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22
Q

Fluid Formation: Modified Transudate

A

impaired blood/lymph flow

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23
Q

Fluid Formation: Exudate

A

inc. capillary permiability (eg inflammation)

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24
Q

Transudate Appearance

A

clear, <6,000 NCC, no clot formation

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25
Exudate Appearance
cloudy, >3g/dL TP, >6,000 NCC, clot formation
26
Criteria for Malignancy
variable nuclear size, large multiple nucleoli, abnormal mitoses, nuclear molding
27
Types of Solid Tissue Cytology Sampling
Needle Aspirates, tissue imprints
28
Round Cell Tumors
Lymphoma, Plasma Cell tumors, Histiocytoma, Transmissable Venereal Tumors, Malignant Histiocytosis
29
Lymphadenopathy: Types
Hyperplasia/Reactive, Lymphadenitis, Metastatic Neoplasia, Lymphoma
30
Reactive Lymph Nodes: Appearance
small lymphocytes, inc. plasma cells
31
Lymphadenitis: Appearance
Suppurative - inc. neutrophils; Mononuclear - inc. macrophages
32
Lymphoma: Appearance
>50% lymphoblasts
33
Metastasis: Appearance
presence of cells not normally found in LN
34
Absorption Spectrum: Method
Pattern in which an analyte absorbs a specific wavelength
35
Photometry: Method
absorption spectrum based on concentration (intensity of light)
36
Spectrophotometry: Method
analyte + chemical -> color, then photometry
37
Reflectance Photometry: Method
Spectrophotometry on a pad
38
Electrophoresis: Method
movement of charged particles through solution under electrical field
39
Sensitivity
frequency a test result is accurately positive
40
Specificity
frequency a test result is accurately negative
41
Albumin: Roles
transport and osmotic pressure
42
Globulins a1, a2, B: Roles
inflammation, coagulation, transport
43
Hypoalbuminemia: Dec. production Causes
Liver failure, malnutrition, inflammation, intestinal parasites
44
Hypoalbuminemia: Abnormal Loss Causes
Blood loss, intestinal loss (PLE), Urinary loss (PLN), 3rd spacing, skin dz (burns)
45
Hypoglobulinemia: Dec. Production Causes
SCIDS
46
Hypoglobulinemia: Abnormal Loss Causes
hemorrhage, PLE
47
Hypoglobulinemia: Other Causes
Failure of Passive Transport
48
Hyperglobulinemia: Causes
dehydration, inflammation, neoplasia
49
Hypofibrinogenemia: Causes
Liver Failure, DIC
50
Hyperfibrinogenemia: Causes
Inflammation, renal dz
51
Prerenal Proteinuria: Examples
paraproteinuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, post-colostral proteinuria
52
Renal Proteinuria: Types
Glomerular - hypoalbuminemia, glomerularnephritis; Tubular proteinuria - acute renal dz, defective PCT
53
Postrenal Proteinuria: Examples
hemorrhage in GU tract, inflammation
54
Isosthenuria
Kidney can't alter urine (1.007-1.013)
55
Hyposthenuria
Active Dilution (<1.007)
56
Polyuria: DDx
Renal - failure, pyelonephritis; Extra-renal - diuresis, medullary washout, endocrine, pyometra
57
Pre-Renal Azotemia: Biochem
Inc. BUN, +/- CREA, SpGr
58
Pre-renal Azotemia: DDx
Dec. renal blood flow, Inc. urea production
59
Renal Azotemia: Biochem
Inc. BUN, CREA; Dec. SpGr (75% functional loss)
60
Renal Azotemia: DDx
Infection, toxin, hypoxia, neoplasia, congenital, hydronephrosis
61
Postrenal Azotemia: Biochem
Inc. BUN, CREA; variable SpGr
62
Postrenal Azotemia: DDx
obstruction
63
Dec. BUN: Prerenal Causes
Dec. production - dec. aa delivery, hepatic insufficiency; Intestinal Loss - monogastric species
64
Dec. BUN: Renal Causes
Dec. water reabsorption (inc. GFR/tubular flow
65
Protein:Creatinine Ratio
measures tubular and glomerular dmg
66
Hypercalcemia
impairs concentrating ability, => mineralization of tubules
67
Hyperphosphatemia
GFR hyperparathyroidism, => soft tissue mineralization
68
Metabolic Acidosis
inc. urinary bicarb loss/dec. proton tubular secretion
69
Uroabdomen: electrolyte imbalances
Inc. K, PO4; Dec. Na, Cl
70
Acute Renal Failure: Signs
good BCS, anorexia, V/D, halitosis, olig/anuric, progressing neurologic
71
Acute Renal Failure: Causes
toxins, renal ischemia, infection
72
Acute Renal Failure: Bloodwork
Dec. GFR, azotemia, poss. metabolic acidosis
73
Chronic Renal Failure: Signs
poor BCS, anorexia, V/D, halitosis, polyuric, depressed, hypertension
74
Chronic Renal Failure: Bloodwork
nonregenerative anemia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis
75
Glomerulonephritis: Causes
Immune complex deposition, amyloid deposition, podocyte retraction, loss of selective permeability
76
Glomerulonephritis: Lab Findings
hypoproteinemia (hypoalbuminemia), proteinuria
77
Sulphosalicylic Acid Test: Purpose
confirm dipstick protein results, urine supernatant + 5% acid, read turbidity
78
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Free in cytoplasm, muscle specific
79
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
in cytoplasm and organelles of muscle and liver
80
Inc. CK (+ AST): Indication
Muscle injury/breakdown
81
CK: Kinetics
rapid inc. and dec.
82
AST: Kinetics
slow inc. and dec.
83
Myoglobin
released from dead/dying muscle, not PP bound, excreted in urine
84
Leakage Enzymes
ALT, AST, SDH, GLDH
85
ALT: Kinetics
Very slow inc. and dec.
86
Induced Enzymes
ALP, GGT
87
Cholestasis: Causes
cholangitis, cholangiohepatitis, bile duct obstruction, hepatic lipidosis
88
Cholestasis: Biochem
Inc. leakage enzymes, induced enzymes, serum bilirubin, bile acids; normal liver function tests
89
Inc. Bilirubin: Causes
Inc. production, dec. uptake, obstruction
90
Inc. Bile Acid: Causes
portosystemic shunt, dec. hepatic uptake, dec. bile excretion
91
Early Portosystemic Shunt: Biochem
normal/inc. enzymes, inc. bile acids, poss. microcytic anemia
92
Late Portosystemic Shunt: Biochem
Dec. albumin, BUN, glucose, cholesterol, coag; Inc. bile acids; poss. cholestasis (inc. bilirubin, ALP) microcytic anemia
93
Chronic Hepatitis: Biochem
Inc. leakage and induced enzymes; normal/inc serum bilirubin

Clinical Pathology (3 decks)

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