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Comm 405 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dialectical Process*

A

societies and communication practices influence each other in a constant tension. Changes are interrelated and together necessitate changes in how communication is conducted.

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2
Q

Strategic

A

We construct messages with particular motivations or goals in mind.

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3
Q

Consequential

A

It has unanticipated or at least unintended effects that can be perceptual, behavioral, or relational.

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4
Q

Perceptual consequences

A

all the assumptions we make about people’s competence, attitudes, disposition, education, social class, and so forth, and of course their assumptions about us.

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5
Q

Behavioral consequences

A

when people change their behavior without any particular effort from others to influence that change.

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6
Q

Relational consequences

A

they create and sustain interaction patterns and expectations within personal, social, and professional relationships.

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7
Q

Theory (lay and scholarly)

A

Theory is a description of concepts and specifications f the relationships between or among these concepts.
Lay theory is from any person- untested.
Scholarly is rigorously tested for validity.

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8
Q

Concept

A

Some characteristic or quality shared by the elements in some category: Thing, quality, noun.

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9
Q

Proposition

A

statements of relationship between concepts.

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10
Q

Temporal

A

Time related “one thing happens after another” order.

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11
Q

Correlationsal

A

One thing changes as something else changes.

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12
Q

Cause and effect

A

have to be able to show that 1 thing happened before the other thing in such a matter that the second thing is a direct result of the first

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13
Q

How to tell if a theory is good?*

A

1) Utility- is it useful? Does it help improve scholarship or day to day lives?
2) Scope- how many people will this theory affect?
3) Parsimony- How dimple a theory is presented. Simplest means more possible.
4) Heurism- Whether or not a theory stimulates new ways of thinking.
5) Falsifiability- In order to show something is true, you have to be able to show that it is not true.

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14
Q

5 things theories can do for us

A 
Organize
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
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15
Q

Inductive Theory Building

A

observations drive the theory. Start with observations and then build theory at some point.
Writers use observations to build a theory

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16
Q

Deductive theory building

A

relies on predetermined concepts such as hypothesis.

Writers start with theory, using observations to confirm or challenge the theory

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17
Q

Quantitative methods

A

Almost always “objective”/numerical in approach to the world.

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18
Q

Qualitative methods

A

vary in their underlying view of the wold from a somewhat objective view to an extremely subjective view, though much qualitative research is used to answer more ‘humanistic” questions about communication.

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19
Q

Conceptual Definition

A

statement that describes exactly what a concept or construct means.

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20
Q

Operational definition

A

describes the exact procedure used to measure a concept in a research project.

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21
Q

Variable

A

measured concept or construct

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22
Q

Hypothesis

A

declarative statements that predict two or more concepts are related

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23
Q

Research questions

A

are interrogatives that ask what concepts or behaviors mean to people in their every day lives, how communication processes take place, or whether two or more phenomena (or concepts) are related.

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24
Q

Reliability

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A

consistency in measure

25
Validity
Accuracy in measurment
26
Generalizability
whether the data gathered reflects the distribution of data if a census had been taken of the entire population of interest in the study.
27
Random Sample*
One that gives all men and women in the population an equal chance of being selected for the project.
28
Significance*
When difference has a low probability of occurring by chance, less than 5% in most cases, it is said to have statistical significance.
29
Triangulation
A research project will include different methods, or sometimes different researchers to gather data about some phenomenon to determine if similar conclusions can be reached.
30
Independent variable
Concept manipulated
31
Dependent variable
concept measured
32
Content analysis
a method for analyzing the content of communications
33
Taxonomy
a list of categories with sub categories
34
Grounded theory
a set of relationships between ideas that are developed through people's lived experience rather than from prior theory and measurement.
35
Q & R's Triangle of meaning*
Thought (Reference) Word (symbol) Thing (Reality; referent) The same symbol may mean different things to different people.
36
Lasswell's model*
Who says What in Which Channel to Whom with What Effect?
37
Newcomb's symmetry model*
Depending on the relationship between person A and B, their opinions on thing X will change. In closer relationship the opinions will migrate to be closer to each other.
38
Shannon & Weaver's model*
Source sends a message through a transmitter through a channel to a receiver to get to the destination.
39
Schramm's model*
takes into account the common ground of the sender and receiver, putting the message into that context.
40
Hall's circuit of culture*
Focuses on what culture creates | Representation->Identity->Production->Consumption->Regulation
41
How to evaluate a model
1) How original is the model? Does it provide new insights for researchers? 2) How efficient is the model? Does it provide a simple, clear picture of the process? 3) How real is the model? How closely does it represent the world in which we live?
42
Marshal McLuhan
The media is the message
43
Neil Postman
Society is going to hell in a hand basket because of visual based media.
44
Lazarsfeld and Lasswell
media propaganda and media effects on voting
45
Marxism/neo-Marxism
idea that it is power and lack of power that makes the world turn. Power structures inherent in how we communicate.
46
Global village
McLuhan believed lightning fast media communication drew the world together into one big "global village"
47
Carey's cultural approach
How do we as a culture construct meaning? A ritual view of communication is not directed toward the extension of messages in space, but the maintenance of society in time; not the act of imparting information, but the representation of shared beliefs.
48
Rhetoric
the study of language and how do we use/persuade w/ words
49
Media Effects
Rhetoric in the news began to be looked at
50
Social psychology
Not interested in words, but how people worked together/in a group
51
Symbolic Interaction
How do we interpret meaning between us? Wanted to find solutions to real world problems.
52
Earliest communication research
helps us better know how to analyze evidence for or against some claim, and thus hopefully to make more informed decisions.
53
Pleaders/patrons
Would argue for individuals or for the state before the courts; beginning of lawyers.
54
Sophists
taught speach including memorizing
55
Aristotle
believed in absolute truth
56
Cicero
A pleader before the roman courts and later a senator; began a series of work on canons.
57
Content of Classical Rhetoric*
Argument- a claim or conclusion supported by reasons to believe it Proof- the back up to the claim Pisteis- the persuasion used by the proof Artistic proof- created by a persuader and reflect the art of skill of their creator Nonartistic proof- something not created by the speaker
58
Aristotle's artistic proofs*
Logos: The logical power or force of a message Ethos: Aspects of speaker credibility (competence, goodwill, moral character) Pathos: Attempts of the speaker to bring emotions to the audience.
59
5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric*
Invention- the discovery of ideas or content, such as topics Arrangement- Organization, or what goes in each part of the speech Style- the use of language in the speech Delivery- Voice, body movement, and other aspects of physical presentation Memory- Ability to recall key points in one's own and other's message (lost canon)

Comm 405 (3 decks)

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