Exam 1 Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
thoracic cavity between lungs
2
Q
What do the heart, lungs, and esophagus form?
A
mediastinum
3
Q
Most of the heart mass is on which side of the sternum?
A
left
4
Q
double layered closed sac surrounding the heart
A
pericardium
5
Q
What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
A
fibrous and serous
6
Q
What kind of tissue makes up the fibrous layer of the pericardium? Serous layer?
A
Fibrous: tough fibrous CT
Serous: simple squamous epithelium
7
Q
Which layer of the pericardium anchors the heart within the mediastinum?
A
Fibrous
8
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
9
Q
separates right and left atria
A
interatrial septum
10
Q
separates right and left ventricles
A
interventricular septum
11
Q
receiving chambers of heart
A
atria
12
Q
flap-like structures on superior surfaces, slightly increase atrial filling
A
auricles
13
Q
muscle bundles, interior of right atrium only
A
pectinate muscle
14
Q
depression on interatrial septum, remnant of foramen ovale; fibrous sheet covering
A
fossa ovalis
15
Q
opening between right and left atria in embryo/fetus
A
foramen ovale
16
Q
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from which three veins?
A
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
17
Q
The blood from body regions above the diaphragm enter the heart through which vein? How about regions below the diaphragm? How about blood from the heart itself?
A
superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sinus
18
Q
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from which 4 pulmonary veins?
A
2 right
2 left
19
Q
distributing chambers of the heart
A
ventricles
20
Q
allow blood flow from atria to ventricles (open, but prevent back flow)
A
atrioventricular (AV) valves
21
Q
collagen cords that attach AV valves to papillary muscles (anchors valves so would not blow upward into atria)
A
chordae tendinae
22
Q
During atrial contraction, what do the AV valves do?
A
open
23
Q
During ventricular contraction, what do the AV valves do?
A
close
24
Q
Which AV valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle?
A
tricuspid
25
Which AV valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle?
bicuspid (mitral)
26
allow blood to flow out of ventricles into aorta/pulmonary trunk (open), but prevent back flow into ventricles when ventricles relax
semilunar (SL) valves
27
During ventricular contraction, what do the SL valves do?
open
28
During ventricular relaxation, what do the SL valves do?
close (fill with blood)
29
What are the 3 major functions of the heart?
1. generates BP (propels blood through blood vessels)
2. separates pulmonary circulation (tissue of lungs from systemic circulation)
3. can alter its rate of force of contraction (to match metabolic need of tissues)
30
vessels leaving the heart
arteries
31
vessels returning to the heart
veins
32
What are the 2 SL valves?
aortic and pulmonary
33
_______ have muscles to help pump blood away from the heart. ________ have valves, but no muscles.
arteries, veins
34
in between arteries and veins; where your blood exchanges materials with body cells
capillaries
35
closed (circulatory) system; begins/ends at heart
blood vessels
36
What are the 5 types of blood vessels?
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
37
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa
38
innermost layer of blood vessels; made up of endothelium and basement membrane; in contact with the blood
T. intima
39
middle layer of blood vessels; made up of smooth muscle; innervated by autonomic NS; sympathetic NS = vasoconstriction)
T. media
40
outermost layer of blood vessels; made up of collagen; anchor blood vessels to surroundings
T. externa
41
Type of arteries:
1. largest diameters
2. thickest walls
3. elastin allows for expansion and recoil
4. closest to heart
elastic/conduction arteries
42
Type of arteries:
1. branch from elastic arteries
2. thickest T. media
3. vasoconstriction and vasodilation
muscular/distributing arteries
43
branch from muscular arteries; smallest of arterial system; vasoconstriction for active tissue cells (sends blood where it is needed the most)
arterioles
44
Ventricular contraction:
1. ventricle _________
2. SL valve _________
3. Aorta and arteries ________ and store pressure in _______
1. contracts
2. opens
3. expand; elastic walls
45
Ventricular relaxation:
1. __________ ventricular relaxation
2. SL valve _________
3. Elastic recoil of ________ sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system
1. isovolumetric
2. shuts
3. arteries
46
smallest of all blood vessels; connect arterial system to venous system; only have T. intima; only blood vessel that permits exchange of gas and nutrients between blood and surrounding interstitial fluid
capillaries
47
What are the 2 types of capillaries?
1. vascular shunt (metarteriole ---> thoroufare channel)
| 2. true capillaries (exchange vessels)
48
formed from the convergence of capillaries; smallest of venous system; some have no T. intimate; converge to form veins
venules
49
very thin T. media; large lumens; blood reservoirs (can hold up to 65% of total blood volume)
veins
50
What happens to ventricular volume and pressure during isovolumetric contraction?
volume: at its highest
pressure: increases dramatically
51
What happens to ventricular volume, ventricular pressure, and aorta pressure during ventricular ejection?
vent. vol: decreases
vent. pressure: increases
aorta pressure: increases
52
What happens to ventricular volume, ventricular pressure, and aorta pressure during isovolumetric relaxation?
vent. volume: no change
vent. pressure: decreases
aorta pressure: increases
53
circuit that deals with the left side of the heart and brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to be distributed to tissues
systemic circuit
54
circuit that deals with the right side of the heart and takes blood to the lungs to pick up O2 and drop off CO2
pulmonary circuit
55
circuits that deliver to blood to heart tissue; shortest circulation in the body but represents 1/20 of the blood supply; blockage = tissue death and heart attack
coronary circuit
56
Right and left coronary arteries form the base of the ________
aorta
57
Cardiac veins join together at the ________
coronary sinus
58
_______ take blood back to the right atrium
veins
59
What are the 3 similarities between tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves?
1. AV valves
2. Prevent back flow
3. Attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae
60
What are the 2 main differences between tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves?
1. Tricuspid = 3 cups Bicuspid = 2 cups
| 2. Tricuspid = R side Bicuspid = L side
61
What is the main similarity between AV and SL valves?
prevent backflow
62
What are the 3 main differences between AV and SL valves?
1. location
2. how they close (AV: b/c of pressure when ventricles contract; SL: close by blood filling leaflets)
3. when they close (AV: close when ventricles contract; SL: close when ventricles relax)
63
What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?
1. contractile cells
| 2. autorhythmic cells
64
make up 99% of cardiac cells; muscle fibers = responsible for actual heart pumping of heart
contractile cells
65
make up 1% of cardiac cells; self-excitable cells that generate their own action potential
autorhythmic cells
66
What are APs in contractile cells initiated by?
APs in autorhythmic cells
67
What do the APs of contractile cells lead to?
contraction of the heart
68
Pacemaker potential of autorhythmic cells:
| Slow Na+ channels _____ and K+ channels ______, which leads to slow ________
open; close; depolarization
69
Depolarization of autorhythmic cells:
| After reaching threshold, Ca++ channels _______ (positive wave) which leads to rapid _______
open; depolarization
70
Repolarization of autorhythmic cells:
| K+ channels ______, Ca++ channels ________ (negative wave) which leads to an efflux of _______
open; close; K+
71
short branched interconnected cardiac muscle
striated muscle
72
Which 2 things do intercalated discs contain?
1. desmosomes
| 2. gap junctions
73
hold muscle cell together
desmosomes
74
allow ions to flow quickly from cell to cell; allow atria and ventricles to contract together; depolarizing current can quickly pass over the heart
gap junctions
75
depolarization of contractile cells:
| Fast ______-gated Na+ channels _______ which leads to an influx of ________
voltage; open; Na+
76
plateau of contractile cells:
Slow Ca++ channels _______ and few K+ channels _____ which leads to an influx of ______, which leads to contraction of the heart
open; open; Ca++
77
repolarization of contractile cells:
| K+ channels _________, Ca++ channels _______ which leads to an efflux of _______
open; close; K+
78
pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
79
allows both atria to contract
AV node delay
80
divide into left and right branches into interventricular septum propagates signal to apex
Bundle of HIS
81
penetrate heart apex and wind superiorly to base
purkinjie fibers
82
electrodes attached to surface of body to detect APs being transmitted through the heart; displays electrical events, not mechanical
electrocardiogram (ECG)
83
Depolarization ---> ________ (contraction)
| Repolarization ---> ________ (relaxation)
systole
| diastole
84
The P wave of an ECG causes what?
atrial depolarization
85
The QRS complex of an ECG causes what?
ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization
86
The T wave of an ECG causes what?
ventricular repolarization
87
Depolarization (+ wave) moving towards (+) end of electrode causes a(n) ______ reflection
upward
88
Depolarization (+ wave) moving towards (-) end of electrode causes a(n) ________ reflection
downward
89
Repolarization (- wave) moving towards (+) end of electrode causes a(n) ______ reflection
downward
90
Repolarization (- wave) moving towards (-) end of electrode causes a(n) ______ reflection
upward
91
What is the normal heart rate range?
65-100 bpm
92
What condition is someone diagnosed with when they have a heart rate of 100+ bpm?
Tachycardia
93
What condition is someone diagnosed with when they have a heart rate below 60 bpm?
Bradycardia
94
Arrhythmia in which the pulse is delayed/blocked on the way to atria; normal QRS complex and T wave; missing P wave; blockage of APs in atria; AV node becomes pacemaker; decreased heart rate
SA nodal block
95
Arrhythmia in which there is a blockage of APs through the bundle of HIS; ventricles don't receive all impulses from the atria; time between P wave and QRS complex increases
AV nodal block
96
Degree of AV nodal blocks:
| interval between P wave and QRS complex too long (>.2 seconds)
first degree
97
Degree of AV nodal blocks:
| interval between P wave and QRS complex extremely long (.25-.5 sec); may see some QRS complexes missing
second degree
98
Degree of AV nodal blocks:
| complete heart block; P wave dissociated
third degree
99
Arrhythmia in which the SA node is nonfunctional; AV node takes over; slower heart rate; impulses originate at AV node, up atria and down bundle of HIS; possible P wave inversion, absence, or retrograde because positive wave is moving towards positive end of electrode; HR: 40-60 bpm
Junctional Rhythm
100
electricity blocked from traveling normally (arrhythmia)
block
101
clogged blood vessels decreasing oxygen to heart (heart attack)
blockage
102
heart attack; caused by prolonged blockage or complete blockage of coronary artery; results in dying and being replaced by scar tissue; damage to left ventricle is most serious
myocardial infarction
103
abnormal heart sounds caused by obstructions (usually valves)
heart murmurs
104
valve that fails to open completely
stenotic valve
105
valve that fails to close completely
prolapse valve
106
caused by calcification of valve; leads to hypertrophy of left ventricle
aortic valve stenosis
107
caused by thickening of chordae
mitral valve prolapse
108
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute
cardiac output
109
volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle
stroke volume
110
volume of blood that collects in ventricles during diastole
end diastolic volume (EDV)
111
volume of blood remaining in ventricle at end of systole (contraction)
end systolic volume (ESV)
112
affected by preload
EDV
113
affected by contractility and afterload
ESV
114
degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before contraction
preload
115
back pressure exerted on SL valves by atrial blood
afterload
116
regulation of HR within the heart; regulated by autorhythmic cells (SL, AV, purkijinie fibers, bundle of HIS); includes increased venous return
intrinsic
117
amount of blood going into right atrium; increased cardiac output ---> increased heart rate
increased venous return
118
regulation of HR outside the heart; neural regulation via autonomic NS
extrinsic
119
Sympathetic NS releases _______ which leads to _____ in Na+ and a Ca++ ________
NE and E
| increase; influx
120
Parasympathetic NS releases ______ which leads to a(n) _________ K+efflux and a(n) _________ Ca++ influx
ACh; increased; decreased
121
Exercise causes a(n) _________ in the sympathetic NS and a(n) _______ in the parasympathetic NS
increase; decrease
122
What is caused by the T. media being innervated by the sympathetic NS?
vasoconstriction
123
What is caused by inhibition of the sympathetic NS?
Vasodilation
124
one way valves
veins
125
amount of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or circulation system at a given time
blood flow
126
pressure exerted by blood onto arterial wall
blood pressure
127
amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through peripheral circulation
total peripheral resistance
128
peak pressure exerted by blood on walls during ventricular contraction
systolic pressure
129
lowest arterial BP resulting from ventricular relaxation
diastolic pressure
130
Which blood vessel has the largest cross sectional area?
capillaries
131
Which blood vessel has the lowest BP?
vena cava
132
What are the 2 ways to ensure adequate venous return?
1. respiratory pump
| 2. muscular pump and valves
133
Respiratory pump:
During inhalation, cardiac chambers _____ which causes a decline in ________ inside the right atrium pulling blood ______ right atrium
expand; pressure; into
134
Muscular pump and valves:
| As skeletal muscles contract and relax, the blood flows _______ the heart passing ________ valves
towards; one-way
135
An increase in TPR causes _______ while a decrease in TPR causes _______
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
136
What are the 4 functions of respiration?
1. gas exchange
2. regulate blood pH
3. voice production
4. Olfaction (olfactory receptors)
137
What are the 4 processes of respiration?
1. pulmonary ventilation (between lung and outside)
2. external respiration (between alveoli and blood)
3. transport of gases (O2 and CO2 to/from lungs/tissues)
4. internal respiration (between tissue and blood)
138
During external respiration, O2 is _________ the blood and CO2 is _______ the blood
loading to
| unloading from
139
During internal respiration, O2 is ________ the blood and CO2 is _______ the blood
unloading from
| loading to
140
The trachea consists of C - shaped ___________ and ______ which propels mucous and debris
cartilaginous rings
| cilia
141
What does smoking do?
paralyzes the cilia in the trachea
142
site of gas exchange; alveoli epithelium and pulmonary capillary endothelium; surfactant layer = breaks up water tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing
respiratory membrane
143
What are the 2 types of cells in the alveolar walls?
type 1 pneumocytes (90% of pneumocytes, site of gas exchange)
type 2 pneumocytes (pulmonary surfactant)
144
pressure in the alveoli; decrease causes _________ and increase causes __________; always equalized with atomospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul); inspiration; expiration
145
pressure in the pleural cavity; always negative; decreases as thoracic cavity volume _________
intrapleural pressure (Pip); increases
146
In Boyle's law, if volume ________ then pressure ________
decreases
| increases
147
Atmospheric pressure (Patm) is equal to intrapulmonary pressure (air moves from high to low pressure); increased thoracic volume results in increased alveolar volume (air moves down it's gradient and into the lungs until pressure in/out of lungs is equal
inspiration
148
decreased thoracic volume results in decreased alveolar volume
expiration
149
volume of air in and out of the lung during normal quiet breathing
tidal volume (TV)
150
volume of inspired air during forced inspiration beyond TV
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
151
volume of expelled air during forced expiration beyond TV
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
152
volume left in lung after forced expiration
residual volume (RV)
153
total volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
inspiratory capacity
154
amount of air left in the lung after normal expiration
functional residual capacity
155
total amount of exchangable air
vital capacity
156
total amount of air the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
157
total amount of air that flows in and out of the respiratory system in one minute
minute ventilation
158
gas exchange at pulmonary and systematic capillaries is via passive diffusion of O2 and CO2
Partial pressure gradient (PPG)
159
individual pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases (PO2 and PCO2)
partial pressure
160
occurs when the partial pressure of a gas differs across a membrane
gradient
161
states that air pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of all gases present; percentages add to 100% and partial pressure sum = 760mmHg; more O2 in alveoli; more CO2 in blood
Dalton's Law
162
the amount of gas reaching the alveoli
ventilation
163
the blood flow in pulmonary arteries
perfusion
164
PCO2 controls ventilation by ___________ diameter
High CO2 ---> ______
Low CO2 ---> _______
bronchiolar; bronchiodilation; bronchioconstriction
165
PO2 controls perfusion by ________ diameter
high O2 ---> ________
low O2 ----> ________
arteriolar; vasodilation; vasoconstriction
166
destruction of alveoli; decrease in surface area leads to decreased PO2 in pulmonary capillaries (PO2 decrease PCO2 increase)
emphysema
167
thickened alveolar membrane (excess fibrous or connective tissue); (PO2 decrease PCO2 increase)
fibrotic lung disease
168
fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance (normal PCO2 low PO2)
pulmonary edema
169
increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation (low PO2 high PCO2 due to bronchioles constricted)
asthma
170
What are the 2 forms in which O2 presents itself in the blood?
1. dissolved (1.5%)
| 2. bound to Hb (98.5%)
171
Each Hb can bind _____ O2
4
172
What are the 3 factors that affect O2 dissociation?
1. temperature
2. blood pH
3. PCO2
173
During exercise, the O2 Hb dissociation curve will shift to the _____
right
174
Exercise leads to a ______ in pH
drop
175
distribute blood flow to individual organs and tissues as needed
intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation)
176
maintain MAP; redistribute blood during exercise and thermoregulation
extrinsic mechanisms
177
What are the 2 changes that occur in short term regulation of BP (extrinsic)
1. peripheral resistance
| 2. cardiac output
178
baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and cardiovascular center in medulla are all associated with what in the short term regulation of BP (extrinsic)
neural
179
NE, E, ADH, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone are all associated with what in the short term regulation of BP (extrinsic)
hormonal
180
What change occurs in long term regulation of BP (extrinsic)?
blood volume
181
ADH, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone are all associated with what in the long term regulation of BP (extrinsic)
renal hormones
182
E and NE cause a(n) _______ in heart rate because of an ______ in Na+ and Ca++
increase
| influx
183
ACh causes a(n) _______ in heart rate because of a(n) _________ in K+ efflux and a(n) _________ in Ca++ influx
decrease; increase; decrease
184
fluid movement through clefts at arterial ends; important for fluid balance
bulk flow
185
equals to BP in capillaries; pushes fluid out of vessels
hydrostatic pressure (HP)
186
nondiffusable large molecules; pulls fluid into vessels
colloid osmotic pressure (OP)
187
What are the 2 opposing forces associated with bulk flow?
1. hydrostatic pressure
| 2. colloid osmotic pressure
188
External respiration ---> _______
| Internal respiration ---> ________
lungs
| tissues/organs
189
prevents food from entering airway
epiglottis
190
increase in surface area of bronchi = lots of ______
alveoli
191
The pleural cavity lines the ________ and ______ pleura
parietal pleura; visceral pleura
192
Normal lung at rest:
1. Lungs want to coil ----> tension on ________ (- pressure)
2. Elastic recoil of chest wall tries to pull chest ________
1. pleural cavity
| 2. outward
193
breakage in pleural cavity; intrapleural pressure = atmospheric pressure; treatment: get rid of air in pleural cavity, seal breakage by applying dressing, insert tube
pneumothorax
194
volume of air in conducting zone that cannot be used because it could not reach the respiratory zone
dead space
195
total amount of fresh air that flows in and out of the respiratory system in one minute
alveolar ventilation rate
196
What are the 3 factors affecting alveolar PO2 and PCO2?
1. PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air
2. minute alveolar ventilation
3. rate of O2 consumption and CO2 production in tissues
197
What is the PO2 of the lungs? Resting tissues? Exercising tissues?
100; 40; 20 mmHg
