Exam 3 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
The scrotum keeps sperm ___ degrees below body temperature
A
3
2
Q
elevates or suspends testes to control temperature
A
cremaster muscle
3
Q
where the gametogenesis occurs
A
seminiferous tubules
4
Q
meiosis of spermatogonia (XY) to produce spermatozoa (sperm cells, X or Y)
A
gametogenesis
5
Q
produce testosterone
A
leydig cells
6
Q
maintain blood-testis barrier which prevents cells of the immune system from attacking genetically unique sperm cells; support spermatogenesis; secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein (ABP)
A
sertoli cells
7
Q
testes that do not descend fully during development, a cause of infertility and testicular cancer
A
cryptorchidism
8
Q
where sperm are produced
A
seminiferous tubules
9
Q
receives sperm from seminiferous tubules
A
rete testis
10
Q
receives sperm from rete testis
A
efferent ductule
11
Q
matures and stores sperm
A
epididymis
12
Q
(in spermatic cord) paired tubes that deliver sperm to ejaculatory duct
A
vas deferens
13
Q
attaches vas deferens to urethra at prostate gland
A
ejaculatory duct
14
Q
What are the 3 regions of the urethra?
A
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy urethra
15
Q
copulatory organ for delivering sperm to female reproductive tract
A
penis
16
Q
penis + scrotum
A
male external genitalia
17
Q
point of attachment to body for penis
A
root
18
Q
body of penis that contains most of erectile tissue
A
shaft
19
Q
midventral erectile tissue surrounding (spongy) urethra in shaft of penis
A
corpus spongiosum
20
Q
paired dorsal erectile tissue (most abundant tissue of penis) in shaft
A
corpora cavernosa
21
Q
enlarged tip of penis
A
glans penis
22
Q
foreskin that encloses the glans penis
A
prepuce
23
Q
sperm + testicular fluids + accessory gland secretions
A
semen
24
Q
sperm accounts for about ____ percent of semen
A
10
25
about 70% of semen, secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) for sperm motility
seminal vesicles (2)
26
activates sperm, 20-30% of semen, contains citrate (nutrient), enzymes, prostate antigen
prostate gland
27
secrete clear mucous for lubrication and to neutralize urine
bulbourethral glands (2)
28
anchors ovaries and uterus in place
ligaments
29
receives ovulated ovum and site of fertilization, no contact with ovaries; ~4 inches long; where egg meets sperm
uterine (fallopian) tubes
30
enlarged distal end of fallopian tube where fertilization takes place
ampulla
31
funnel-shaped end of fallopian tube with finger-like projections (fimbriae) that drape over ovary
infundibulum
32
ciliated cells/non-ciliated cells in fallopian tubes
highly folded mucosa
33
An egg moves towards the uterus by _________ and beating of _______-
peristalsis; cilia
34
implantation of fertilized egg in the fallopian tube
ectopic pregnancy
35
hollow, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum; anterior to rectum, prostero-superior to bladder; about 3 inches long (non-pregnant); 3 regions = body, fundus, cervix
uterus (womb)
36
serous layer of uterine wall
perimetrium
37
smooth muscle layer of uterine wall, expels baby during childbirth
myometrium
38
mucosal lining of uterine wall where embryo implants, sheds if no implantation occurs
endometrium
39
thin walled tube extending from cervix to body exterior; about 3 inches long; female organ of copulation (chamber for sperm deposition)
vagina
40
made up of adventitia, muscularis, inner mucosa (rugae)
vaginal wall
41
lateral skin folds in female external genitalia; homologous to scrotum
labia majora
42
medial skin folds in female external genitalia; homologous to ventral penis
labia minora
43
recess enclosed by labia minor that houses urethral and vaginal orifices
vestibule
44
mucous secreting glands on postern-lateral sides of vaginal opening for lubrication, homologous to bulbourethral glands in male
greater vestibular glands
45
partially protruding structure composed of erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa); anterior to urethral orifice; homologous to glans penis
clitoris
46
not essential to life, lies dormant until puberty, different but homologous organs/structures for males and females, main function is to produce offspring
reproductive system
47
What is the primary reproductive organ (gonad) for males? Females?
males - testis
| females - ovary
48
produce gametes; produce hormones; development of sexual characteristics; regulate normal physiology of reproductive system
primary reproductive organs (gonads)
49
ducts and organs that receive, store, and transport gametes
reproductive tract
50
secrete fluids that support the transmission of gametes from the male to the female (e.g. semen)
accessory glands
51
external organ that enables transmission of male gametes from a male to a female
external genitalia
52
The hypothalamus releases what hormone?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
53
GnRH stimulates ____ and _____ from _______
FSH and LH; anterior pituitary
54
The anterior pituitary releases what two hormones?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutinizing hormone (LH)
55
stimulates follicular development (and estrogen secretion) in females, sperm production in males
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
56
causes ovulation and progestin production in females, androgen production in males
lutinizing hormone (LH)
57
What three things do ovaries and testes (gonads) release?
androgens, estrogen, progesterone
58
steroid and peptide hormone from gonads, feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to reduce GnRH, LH, FSH secretion
negative feedback loop
59
LH causes ______ cells to secrete ______
leydig; testosterone
60
FSH causes _____ cells to secrete _____ and ______
sertoli; inhibin; androgen binding protein (ABP)
61
inhibits FSH and GnRH secretion; high sperm counts cause high secretion
inhibin
62
keeps testosterone concentration high inside seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis
androgen binding protein (ABP)
63
for fetal development of male external genitalia; basis of libido in both males and females; stimulates development of male secondary characteristics at puberty (e.g. pubic, axillary facial hair)
testosterone
64
Testosterone inhibits what two hormones?
GnRH and LH
65
The reproductive female undergoes monthly changes as a part of a ________
menstrual cycle
66
How many oocytes (eggs) are released each month?
one
67
Women are born with all the ______ they will ever have. They have about _______ primordial follicles and about _____ ova are released during a lifetime
gametes; 2 million; 400
68
oocyte + supportive cells (granulosa and theca cells)
follicle
69
produce ovum and secrete hormones
ovaries
70
Meiosis of oogonia is arrested as ______ at birth until prior to ovulation
primary oocyte (primordial follicle)
71
Where is the ovarian follicle located?
ovary cortex
72
primordial follicle
primary oocyte
73
single layer of cells surrounding primary oocyte
primary follicle
74
two or more cell layers surrounding primary oocyte
secondary follicle
75
has large fluid filled antrum; during late stage, primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte
graafian follicle
76
process that occurs once a month where a single, mature oocyte is ejected from ovary into fallopian tube
ovulation
77
yellow body degenerated follicle post ovulation, secretes progesterone, which vascularizes endometrium and maintains it during first trimester of pregnancy (until placenta takes over)
corpus luteum
78
provide nutrient for oocyte; target for FSH; converts androgen to estrogen; secrete inhibit; similar to sertoli cells in males
granulosa cells
79
secrete androgens; target for LH; similar to leydig cells in males
theca cells
80
promotes oogenesis and follicle growth and endometrial growth during proliferative phase; induces secondary sex characteristics; maintains low total blood cholestrol levels and facilitate calcium uptake into bones
estrogen
81
Menopause causes a _______ in estrogen levels which leads to an increased risk of _______ and _________
decrease; cardiovascular disease; osteoporosis
82
responsible for growth of breasts (with estrogen); vascularize endometrium during secretory phase; production of vicious cervical mucous; increases body temperature; promotes diuresis (increase in urination); high levels in luteal phase and secretory phase after ovulation
progesterone
83
prevents further entry of sperm and pathogens into the female
viscous cervical mucous
84
stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production
prolactin (PL)
85
stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus during childbirth and in the mammary glands for milk letdown; plays a role in pair-bonding, mother-child bonding, and maternal behavior
oxytocin
86
Types of sex and hierarchy:
1. XX or XY
2. testis or ovary
3. androgens or estrogen predominant
4. internal and external reproductive structures/organs
5. male or female typical behaviors
6. How you identify yourself
7. how you are legally classified
1. chromosomal sex
2. gonadal sex
3. hormonal sex
4. morphological sex
5. behavioral sex
6. gender identification
7. legal sex
87
future gonads
gonadal ridge
88
future female ducts (fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper third of vagina)
mullerian ducts
89
future male ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle)
wolffian ducts
90
About ____ months before birth, testosterone causes testes to descend from abdominal cavity into scrotum
2
91
when testes fail to descend normally; can cause infertility and testicular cancer
cryptochidism
92
maintains optimum biochemical environment, influences metabolic activities, integrates and regulates growth and development; controls, maintains, and instigates sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth, development, and sexual differentiation, nurishment of newborn
endocrine system
93
hormones modified from the amino acid such as tyrosine
amino acid derivative
94
What kind of hormone is E, NE (adrenal medulla), thyroid hormones (thyroid gland)
amino acid derivative
95
hormone type that is chains of amino acids, varying in lengths of the chain; water soluble
peptide hormones
96
What kind of hormone is ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, LH, FSH, and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?
peptide hormones
97
includes hormones that are steroids; lipid soluble
lipid derivative
98
What kind of hormone is estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins (fatty acid derivative)
lipid derivative
99
Activation of target cells for hormones depends on what three factors?
1. blood levels of the hormone
2. relative number of receptors on the target cell
3. affinity
100
What three things are blood levels dependent on?
1. rate of synthesis
2. levels of binding proteins
3. clearance rate
101
target cells increase receptor number in response to hormone
up regulation
102
target cells decrease receptor number in response to hormone
down regulation
103
In general, hormones can act on a target cell in one of what two ways?
1. activate second messengers (involves regulatory G proteins - amino acids, peptide, prostaglandins)
2. activate genes
104
Hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes in target cells:
1. Alter _________ by opening or closing ion channels (ADH inserts water channels, aldosterone Na/K ATPase, NE, E, Ca++ channels)
2. Inc/dec the rate of _________ (GnRH, LH, FSH)
3. Increase _________ (progesterone, mucous, luteal phase)
4. Stimulates ________ (growth hormone, skeletal muscle)
1. membrane permeability
2. synthesis
3. secretory activity
4. mitosis
105
Steps of activating second messengers for hormones:
1. The hormone binds to a _________ receptor
2. It activates a second messenger such as _______
3. Activate or inactivate ____ in cell
1. G protein linked
2. cAMP
3. enzymes
106
Steps of directly activating genes for hormones:
1. _______ and _______ hormones pass directly into cell, even into nucleus
2. Bind to receptor in ____ and _____ of cell (If bound to receptor in _______, H-receptor complex moves to _____)
3. Turns genes ______
1. steroid; thyroid
2. cytoplasm; nucleus; cytoplasm; nucleus
3. on/off
107
Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what 3 stimuli?
1. humoral stimuli
2. neural stimuli
3. hormonal stimuli
108
a direct response to changes in blood levels of a certain molecule (e.g. parathyroid hormone secreted in response to low blood calcium levels)
humoral stimuli
109
neurotransmitter at neuroglandular junctions stimulate hormone secretion (e.g. NE and E secretion from adrenal glands)
neural stimuli
110
releasing hormone or other hormone triggering release of hormone (e.g. GnRh ---> secretion of LH, FSH; CRH ---> ACTH)
hormonal stimuli
111
Hormone release is controlled by ______
negative feedback
112
Where are the following hormones produced and released?
| LH, FSH, prolactin, ACTH, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone
produced and released in anterior pituitary
113
Steps of hormone production/release in anterior pituitary:
1. Secretion of ___________ in hypothalamic neurons.
2. It travels through the ________ to anterior pituitary.
3. Hormones from anterior pituitary are released into the _______ and _______
1. regulatory hormone (GnRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone)
2. hyposeal portal system
3. bloodstream and rest of body
114
Where are the following hormones produced and released?
| oxytocin, ADH
produced in hypothalamus
| released from posterior pituitary
115
Steps of hormone production/release in posterior pituitary:
1. _______ synthesize the hormones
2. They extend into the posterior pituitary, releasing _____ and _____ into the bloodstream and the rest of the body
1. hypothalamic neurons
| 2. oxytocin and ADH
116
What are the 3 stimuli for stress?
1. physical
2. physiological
3. psychological
117
from adrenal cortex; weak sex steroid (converted to E or T); functions: onset of puberty, appearance of hair, sex drive in females, after menopause, releases estrogen
gonadocorticoids
118
Which three essential systems does stress enhance?
1. cardiovascular system
2. respiratory system
3. nervous system
119
Which three nonessential systems does stress suppress?
1. digestive system
2. reproductive system
3. immune system
120
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system triggers the ________ to secrete ____ and _____
adrenal medulla; E and NE
121
E and NE affect the following:
1. _____ heart rate and vasoconstriction of most arterioles
2. _____ blood flow to muscles
3. ______ respiration rate and bronchodilation
4. ______ digestion
1. increase
2. increase
3. increase
4. decrease
122
During times of stress, the _______ secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). CRH triggers the ________ to secrete ______ and _______
hypothalamus; anterior pituitary; pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC); Beta endorphins
123
What do beta endorphins cause?
insensitivity to pain
124
What hormone causes the secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)?
ACTH
125
Cortisol causes:
1. a(n) ______ in immune function
2. a(n) ________ in gluconeogenesis from liver
3. Breakdown of _________
4. _________ (mobilizes fatty acids)
5. a(n) _________ in calcium absorption in intestines
6. a(n) _________ in HPG axis
1. decrease
2. increase
3. muscles
4. lipolysis
5. decrease
6. decrease
126
Cortisol exerts negative feedback to reduce _____ and _____
CRH and ACTH
127
Aldosterone causes retention of _____ and ______ by the urinary system which leads to a(n) _______ in blood volume and pressure
sodium; water; increase
128
What two things can cause elevated or depressed hormone levels?
1. failure of feedback system
| 2. dysfunction of endocrine glands or endocrine function of cells
129
Dysfunction of endocrine glands or endocrine function of cells can be the result of what two things?
1. loss of endocrine cells (unable to produce enough hormone)
2. overproduction of hormone (overproduction of releasing hormone/stimulating hormone)
130
What is an example of a pathology caused by loss of endocrine cells?
autoimmune disease
131
What is an example of a pathology caused by overproduction of hormones?
tumors, ectopic source of hormone
132
A failure of target cells to respond to a hormone may be caused by receptor-associated disorders which are caused by what two things?
1. decreased number of receptors
| 2. impaired receptor function
133
Caused by adrenal tumor or pituitary tumor, symptoms include high plasma glucose, loss of muscle, redistribution of fat to abdomen, poor wound healing
hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome)
134
Cushing's syndrom - cortisol therapy - drug
iatrogenic cushing's syndrome
135
Caused by hyposecretion of adrenal steroids (cortisol and aldosterone), autoimmune disease destroying adrenal cortex; symptoms include low plasma Na+, high plasma K+, dehydration and hypotension
hypocortisolism (Addison's Disease)
136
What are low plasma sodium and high plasma potassium caused by?
too little aldosterone
137
What are the 4 effects of chronic stress?
1. hypertension (increase in aldosterone and BP)
2. decreased disease resistance
3. insulin resistance
4. no ovulation in women (anovolution) and infertility
138
Where are the thyroid glands located?
trachea
139
Within follicles of thyroid glands:
1. colloid (fluid with thyroglobulin)
2. produce thyroglobulin and secrete it into follicular cavity
1. follicular cavity
| 2. follicular cells
140
What is thyroglobulin?
a glycoprotein
141
in thyroid glands; secrete calcitonin which decreases calcium in blood of animals
parafollicular cells
142
What are the body's major metabolic hormones?
thyroid hormones
143
The thyroid hormones affect the majority of cells in your body with 5 exceptions. What are they?
1. brain
2. spleen
3. testes
4. uterus
5. thyroid glands
144
What are the two active forms of the thyroid hormone?
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
145
predominant thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid gland; less potent; has 4 iodine ions
thyroxine (T4)
146
small amount secreted from thyroid gland; more potent; 3 iodine ions
triiodothyronine (T3)
147
Thyroid hormone effects:
1. Promote ________ catabolism (____ in ATP), mobilize _______
2. ______ basal metabolic rates and body heat production
3. ______ adrenergic receptor in blood vessels which ______ sensitivity to epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic NS)
4. Help in ______ growth and development (muscular, skeletal, nervous systems)
5. Promote normal female _________
1. glucose; fats
2. increase
3. increase; increase
4. tissue
5. reproductive abilities
148
Synthesis of thyroid hormones:
1. Follicular cell synthesizes _________ and _______, secreted into ________
2. ______ ions are absorbed from food through _______, move into follicular cells then to ______, oxidized to _____
3. ______ add iodine to thyroglobulins to make ____ and _____
4. Thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell by ________(lysosomal enzyme separates T4 and T3)
5. Free T4 and T3 enter bloodstream where they are bound to __________ in the blood right away
1. enzymes; colloid
2. iodide; GI tract; colloid; iodine
3. enzymes; T3 and T4
4. endocytosis
5. thyroxin - binding globulin
149
What are the two stimuli for release when referring to control of thyroid hormone secretion
1. low levels of thyroid hormone
| 2. low body temperature
150
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis:
1. __________ released from hypothalamus
2. _________ released from anterior pituitary
3. _____ and _____ from thyroid gland
4. T3 and T4 exert __________ feedback
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
2. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. T3 and T4
4. negative
151
caused by abnormal antibody acting like TSH, ex. grave's disease; symptoms include increased metabolic rate and heat production, muscle weakness, weight loss, hyper excitable reflexes and physiological disturbances (e.g. insomnia, irritability), rapid heart beat, increased force of contraction
hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
152
caused by removal of thyroid gland without medication or lack of iodine in diet; symptoms include feeling chilled, slowed reflexes, slow speech and thought process, slow heart rate (bradycardia), goiter
hypothyroidism (myxedema)
153
enlarged thyroid gland that occurs when iodine levels are insufficient in diet, increased levels of TSH and TRH to make more T3 and T4, but the person can't, results in increased colloid
goiter
