Exam 1 Flashcards by Robert Rice

Group of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species

Population

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What needs to happen for a new species to form?

Isolation/separation

- Genetic divergence and reproductive isolation

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Loss of diversity

Bottleneck population

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What is Genetic Drift?

Change in allele frequency of a gene variant in a population because of random sampling

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What are the four mechanics of Evolution?

Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Mutation

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What is an allele?

A form of a gene

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What are the three essential processes that define life?

Metabolize
Reproduction
Evolution

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What are heterotrophic organisms?

Organisms that feed off organic compounds

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What are autotrophs?

Self feeders

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Briefly explain Aristotle’s beliefs

The chain of being

believed beings are fixed entities
ranking system along continuum or “scala naturae” meaning ladder if nature

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What are Carolus Linnaeus’ contributions to science?

Taxonomy!

introduced Hierarchical Classification
came up with naming species w/ 2 words; genus name as noun and species name as adjective

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DKPCOFGS (dick piece of gizz)

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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Did evolution appear in Charles Darwin’s “Origin of Species”?

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4 Requirements of Evolution by Natural Selection

Individuals vary in some trait
Some variation is genetically based
Certain genotypes produce more surviving than others
Differences in survival of genotypes are due to agents of selection

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Traits are often distributed on a…?

Bell Curve (normal distribution)

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What are the 3 types of natural selection on normally distributed traits?

Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive

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What is Crypsis?

Matching body coloration!

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Allopatric Speciation

Involves a geographic barrier

- Grand Canyon

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What does Allopatric mean?

“Different countries”

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What is Sympatric Speciation?

Interbreeding between groups stops for another reason

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Sympatric means…

Occurring in the same geographical region

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What are the two types of Sympatric speciation?

Autopolypoidy

- Temporial Isolation

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What are two examples of a postzygotic barrier?

Hybrid invariability and hybrid sterility

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Hybrid invariability

Hybrids zygotes don’t develop or die before birth

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If triploid individuals produce gametes with inconsistent # of chromosomes (aneuploid), how can you get a hexaploid (six sets) organism?

Odd numbered sets of chromosomes produce aneuploid gametes that are inviable but even numbered sets are okay.

What is aneuploid

Gametes with inconsistent number of chromosomes

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

What is the kingdom in bacteria?

Eubacteria

What is the kingdom of archaea?

Archaebacteria

What are the kingdoms in Eukarya?

Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

What Archaea love heat and acid?

Thermoacidophiles

What do prokaryotes have that Protista and animals do not have?

A cell wall

Chemolithotrophs

Use neither light not organic compounds for food

4 early innovations in land plant evolution

1. Cuticle 2. Protected embryo 3. Protective pigments that absorb damaging UV light 4. Association with fungi for nutrient and water uptake

What is ploidy?

The number of sets of chromosomes inside the nucleus of the cell

Which stage dominates in nonvascular plants?

The gametophyte (haploid) stage

Which stage dominates in vascular plants?

The sporophyte (diploid) stage

Vascular plants have thick walled dead water conducting cells called

Xylem

Name the four groups of vascular plants

Club mosses, ferns and relatives, gymnosperms, angiosperms

What unites all fungi?

Cell walls made of chitin

What is a cell with two genetically different haploid nuclei? (Fungus)

A dikaryon

If allele is fixed...

Frequency will go to 1 or 0

Small or large populations are susceptible to genetic drift?

Small populations; likely to have alleles fixated

Point mutation...

Single nucleotide change

Mutations occur in what type of cells?

Germ cells

Evolution would continue or stop with no mutation?

Stop

Odd numbered sets of chromosomes (triploid) produce aneuploid gametes that are inviable but...

Even numbered sets are okay!

Prokaryotes alone on earth for

2.4 billion years

Differences between archaea and bacteria.......

Bacteria: contain peptidoglycan in cell walls Archaea: contain other polysaccharides or glycoproteins in cell wall and many archaea are extremophiles

Chloroplasts are similar to what prokaryote?

Cyanobacteria

Mitochondion are similar to what prokaryote?

Proteobacteria

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Asexually by fission

Archaea produce what percentage of the methane in the air?

80-90%

Are Protists a monophyletic group?

No!

Early innovations of land plants include...

Cuticle Protected embryo Absorbing UV light pigmentations Association with fungi

Non vascular plants lack ______ : specialized water and food tubes.

Tracheids

Most plants except a few nonvascular plants have _____ to regulate water supply

Stomata

Vascular plants have ____ and ____ is larger than the ______.

Tracheids, diploid, haploid.

Ferns and relatives have...

True leaves, spores in sacs, sporophyte grows directly out of the gametophyte, first large plants!

Cephalization is...

evolutionary trend when nervous tissue becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. Process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs.

Extra Cellular Digestion is...

Process when saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes on their food to break it into small enough molecules to digest/ passively diffuse

Bilateral Symmetry...

Organism characteristic that lets them move freely through out their environment.

Radial symmetry...

Organisms can be cut in half anywhere and the body would be symmetrical. Ex. Sessile and bottom dwelling animals

What is the coelom?

It's the main body cavity that surrounds the digestive tract and other organs.

Acoelomates...

Flatworms that lack coelom

Choanocytes are...

Flagellated lining of the inside of a sponge. "Collar cells"

What is the blastula?

Hollow sphere of epithelial cells during early stages of animal embryo

What is the gastrula?

Two or more layers of germinal cells from which various organs later derive

Blastopore...

Opening by which the cavity of the gastrula communicate with the exterior

The animal phyla that are protostomes...

``` Coelentrata Platyhelminta Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Anthropoda ```

Animal phyla which are deuterostomes...

Echinodermata | Chordata

Which phylums are lophotrochozoans...?

Flatworms Annelids Mollusks

Ecdysozoans phylums...?

Nematodes | Anthropods

3 advantages of having a Coelom...

Independent movement of body and enclosed organs, more space for organs, and storage for eggs and sperm!

Cnidaria have ____ Ctenophora have _______ and ________.

Mouth only | Mouth and anus

Exam 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)