Exam 3 Flashcards
(234 cards)
0
Q
Partial Pressure = ?
A
(Total Pressure) x (% composition)
1
Q
What is needed for cellular respiration?
A
Oxygen
2
Q
Cold water/air holds (more/less) oxygen?
A
More
3
Q
What is an effective cooling method for terrestrial animals?
A
Evaporation
4
Q
Why is hard for aquatic animals to be a different temperature than the water?
A
Water has a (high specific heat)
5
Q
Why is it difficult for water breathing animals? (In regards to heat/O2)
A
The RATE of HEAT transfer is GREATER than the rate of O2 transfer
6
Q
Does the partial pressure increase or decrease from air to mitochondria?
A
Decrease
7
Q
4 steps of Gas transfer?
A
1) Breathing
2) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across epithelium
3) Bulk transport of gases by blood
4) Diffusion across capillary walls (blood —> mitochondria)
8
Q
What is Flicks Law of Diffusion?
A
Q = kA (P2-P1/D)
9
Q
Using Flicks Law what will increase rate of diffusion of a gas like O2?
A
Increasing A (area) across which the gas moves
10
Q
Where can exchange occur?
A
Skin, lungs, gills
11
Q
Describe brief mechanism of frog ventilation and what type of pressure (positive/negative)?
A
- Positive pressure
- Into mouth (buccal cavity)
- Close nares, open glottis and force air into lungs via raising buccal floor
12
Q
What type of pressure is mammalian ventilation?
A
Negative Pressure (to inflate lungs)
13
Q
Describe bird ventilation…
A
Unidirectional at gas exchange surface (more efficient O2 extraction)
Lung volume changes VERY little, air sacs used instead
14
Q
Choose correct:
Mammal Lung characterized as…
(Alveoli/Parabrochi) and (tidal/unidirectional)
A
- Alveoli
- Tidal
15
Q
Choose correct:
Bird Lung characterized as…
(Alveoli/Parabrochi) and (tidal/unidirectional)
A
- Parabronchi
- Unidirectional
16
Q
Describe 3 other characteristics of Fish Gill Ventilation besides breathing water…
A
1) need higher ventilation rate
2) unidirectional
3) pump water across gills aka ram ventilation
17
Q
Why can’t fish be tidal?
A
Water is TOO heavy, it would take TOO much energy.
18
Q
What is the relative surface gill surface area in fishes?
A
More you swim—> larger (thicker) the gills —> HIGHER surface area —> higher metabolic rates
19
Q
How could one arrange the water and blood movement for MORE EFFICIENT EXCHANGE?
A
COUNTER - CURRENT EXCHANGE, rather than concurrent exchange
20
Q
What makes up the extra cellular fluid?
A
Plasma (liquid part of blood ~55%) Interstitial fluid (between the cells)
21
Q
Distinguish between Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems
A
Open: no vessels or some vessels
(Arthropods, Mollusks)
Closed: Vessels keep interstitial separate from plasma (I.e. Anything from worms to vertebrates)
22
Q
Function of the heart?
A
Main propulsive organ
23
Q
Function of the Arterial System?
A
- Distributes blood
- regulates pressure
24
Function of Capillaries?
Transfer between blood and tissues
25
Function of Venous System?
- Return blood to heart
| - storage reservoir
26
What are the two closed circuits in mammalian circulation?
1) Pulmonary
| 2) Systemic
27
Describe mammalians and birds regarding circulatory systems:
- Endotherms with high metabolic rates
- need lots of O2 in tissues
- keep O2 rich and O2 poor blood separate
28
Are tissues is beds in Parallel or Series? And why?
Parallel for control of flow to each tissue independently
29
Describe the lymph system: (5)
- No RBCs so blood isn't red
- drains interstitial spaces
- has valves and smooth musculature
- empties into thoracic duct at vena cavae
- transport system for large hormones and fats INTO bloodstream
(Filariasis, elephantiasis)
30
Describe the Local Circulatory System control: (3)
- Vasodilation or vasoconstriction
- when temperature, adenosine ions, and CO2 are UP, pH and O2 are DOWN
- HOMEOSTASIS; maintain constant internal environment
31
When does Vasodilation typically occur?
When temp. and CO2 are up and the pH and O2 are down
32
Define Vasodilation:
Increased flow to capillaries
33
Define vasoconstriction:
Reduced flow to capillaries
34
What is Poiseullie's law used for?
Approximate flow in a vessel
35
What happens when there is a small change in radius?
| Hint: Poiseullie's law q = ((p1-p2)pi(r)^4)/8Ln)
Large change in flow rate!!
36
What happens when you (1/2) radius?
| Hint: Poiseullie's law q = ((p1-p2)pi(r)^4)/8Ln
(1/16) the flow rate
37
How can blood carry more O2?
Hemoglobin
| -binds to 4 oxygen molecules!
38
What does flow in vessels primarily depend on?
Pressure gradient and resistance
39
Based on oxygen dissociation curve Myoglobin is hyperbolic and Hemoglobin is _________.
Sigmoidal
40
How does affinity for binding differ between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
Hemoglobin: 1st binding of one O2 at one heme increases O2 affinity for more binding.
Myoglobin: higher levels of O2 affinity at all oxygen levels compared to heme.
41
Why does partial pressure of O2 decrease in tissues during exercise?
The mitochondria is using quickly to create more ATP
42
What is the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow?
One can hear turbulent flow in a stethoscope. Laminar is smooth flow.
43
What is contractility?
The strength of the heart's contraction. -Electrical activity causes contraction
44
What 3 things does an electrocardiogram tell you?
1) atrial depolarization (p)
2) ventricular depolarization (q,r,s)
3) ventricular repolarization (t)
45
Flatworms DO NOT need a circulatory system because ...
All cells are within 1 mm of water so they can exchange via the surface
46
What does the circulatory system regulate? (6)
```
Gases
Food
Salts
Water
Waste
Temperature
```
47
Define anatomy...
Study of an organisms physical structure
48
Define physiology...
Study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms
49
True or false?
| Animals are studied through their anatomy and physiology
True
50
What is physiology Greek meaning?
Nature, origin and knowledge
51
What if a structure in an animal is adaptive?
The structure size, shape, or composition will correlate with it's function
52
Correlations between form and function begin at the ________
Molecular level
53
Similar function between structure and function occur at the _______________.
Cellular Level
| Ex. Cells that secrete digestive enzymes contain a lot of rough ER and Golgi
54
Give an example for how cell shape and function correlate:
Absorptive cells have a large surface area.
55
A tissue is...
A group of similar cells that function as a unit.
56
What 4 adult tissue types do embryonic tissues give rise to?
- connective
- nervous
- muscular
- epithelial
57
What are the 4 types of connective tissues?
Loose
Dense
Supporting
Fluid
58
What are loose connective tissues and an example?
Contains an array of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix. Ex) adipose and fat tissue
59
What is dense connective tissue?
Found in the tendons and ligaments.
| -connects muscles, bones, and organs
60
What are supporting connective tissues?
Firm extra cellular matrix (bone, cartilage)
61
What are fluid connecting tissues?
Cells surrounded by liquid extra cellular matrix (i.e. blood: extracellular matrix called plasma)
62
Describe connective tissues
Cells loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix.
-nature of matrix determines nature of connective tissue
63
Describe Nervous Tissue...
Consists of nerve cells (neurons), and several types of supporting cells
-most neurons have 2 projections from cell body: dendrites and axons
64
Dendrites...
Short and branched and transfer electrical signals from other cells to the cell body
65
Axons...
Long arms which carry electrical signals from cell body to other cells
66
Describe muscle Tissue and what are the 3 types...
- Functions in movement
| - Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
67
What are skeletal muscle tissues?
Long cells; voluntary movement
68
What are cardiac muscle tissues?
Branched cells; involuntary movement
69
What are smooth muscle tissues
Tapered cells; involuntary movement
70
Describe epithelial tissues...
Tissues that cover outside of body, line organs, and form glands
71
What is an organ?
Structure with specialized function made up of several tissues
72
What's a gland?
Group of cells that secrete specific molecules or solutions.
73
What do epithelia function as...
Protection
| Transport of water and nutrients
74
Describe the apical side of epithelial tissues...
Faces away from other tissues
75
Describe the basolateral side of an epithelial tissue...
Faces the animals interior (connects to other tissues)
76
Function of apical epithelium?
- Lines organs and secretes mucous
- cells actively undergo mitosis
- example : lining of esophagus
77
Function of basolateral epithelium?
Cement the apical epithelium to the basal lamina
78
Allometry...
How things change with body size
79
What does cell surface area determine?
The rate at which gases and nutrients diffuse across the membrane
80
What does cell volume determine?
The rate of diffusion; (as a cell gets larger the volume increases much faster than it's surface area)
81
What does area/volume affect?
An animal's overall physiology
82
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate
- Consumption of energy is measured as BMR
- rate at which animals consume O2 while at rest with empty stomach, under normal temp. and moisture.
83
What units is BMR measured in?
mL O2 consumed per gram body mass per hour
84
Which animals have higher BMRs small or large animals?
Small animals (higher metabolic rates)
85
As an organism gets larger the BMR _________.
Lowers
86
What is the Q 10 effect?
How much metabolic rate changes with 10 degrees C change in Temp.
87
What is the Q 10 usually at?
Between 2 and 3
88
Give an example of and organism with changes during development and what happens...
King Salmon
- dramatic increase in body size
- young exchange gas across body surface and use rudimentary gills
- switch from skin ---> GILL Breathing
89
Give 3 examples of adaptations that increase surface area
Flattening: fish gills flattened
Folding: mammal small intestine contains folds called villi
Branching: small blood vessels called capillaries
90
True or False? Circulatory Systems allowed animals to get larger?
True
91
Animals with higher oxygen needs (increase/reduce) diffusion area and diffusion distance?
Increase diffusion area
| Reduce diffusion distance
92
Why can Pneumonia kill you?
Fluid gathers in the alveoli-capillary membrane, thereby increasing distance, meaning you suffocate to death:/
93
Homeostasis (termed by Walter Cannon) is...
Regulating and maintaining stable conditions in the internal environment
94
Homeostasis is achieved by what 2 processes?
Conformation
| Regulation
95
Conformational Homeostasis occurs by...
Conformation with the external environment
| Ex) Body temp of an Antarctic Rock Cod closely matches temp. of sea water surrounding it
96
Regulatory homeostasis requires...
Physiological mechanism that adjusts internal state keeping it within limits tolerable.
Ex) dog maintains body temp. whether it's cold or hot outside
97
What makes complex multicellular life possible?
Stable internal environment of extra cellular fluid
98
External function of homeostasis...
Transport nutrients and waste; maintenance of ion concentration
99
Internal function of homeostasis... (4)
Circulation
Energy storage
Movement
Information processing
100
What do regulatory systems monitor during homeostasis?
Temperature, pH, blood pressure, blood glucose
| -each variable has a set point (normal or target value)
101
True or False?
| Homeostasis is dependent on enzyme function
True
102
What are the 3 general components of the homeostatic system?
A sensor
An integrator
An effector
103
Define the role of a SENSOR regarding homeostasis
A structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment.
104
Define integrator regarding homeostasis
Component of the nervous system that evaluates the incoming sensory info that "decides" if a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis
105
Define effector regarding homeostasis
Any structure that helps restore the desired internal condition
106
What feedback are all homeostatic systems based on?
Negative feedback
107
What is negative feedback? Example?
It is where effectors reduce or oppose the change in internal conditions
Example: change in blood pH, BP, body temp.
108
What happens if body temperatures are too high? (2)
- Proteins can denature
| - Denaturing can lead to dehydration
109
What happens if body temperature is too low?
Enzyme function and energy productions slow down
110
What are 4 ways in which animals can exchange heat with their environment?
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- evaporation
111
What is conduction?
Solid-solid transfer of heat
112
What is convection?
Solid-liquid/gas transfer of heat
113
What is radiation?
No direct contact in which there is transference of heat (sunlight)
114
Evaporation in regards to exchange in environment?
Phase change
115
Define endotherm
Organism that produces adequate heat to warm it's own tissue
116
Define ectotherm
Organism who relies on heat gained from the environment
117
What are humans in regard to thermoregulation?
Endothermic homotherms
118
Homeotherms...
Keep body temp. constant
119
Heterotherms...
Can tolerate changes in body temperature
120
True or false?
| No animals lie between homeothermic and heterothermic
False; many lie between the two extremes
121
Are ectotherms more efficient than endotherms?
YUP
122
Lizard uses ___ % of energy of similar-sized mammal
3%
123
Define Torpor:
Temporary drop in body temperature
124
Define hibernation:
Longer drop in body temperature
125
Process of thermoregulation at homeostatic level in some animals
- Neutral signals are received by temperature receptors in skin (sensors)
- the hypothalamus (the integrator) interprets signal
- hypothalamus interprets and respond to change in blood temp.
- body returned to set point
126
What are Heat-Shock proteins?
- activated by temperature spikes
| - these proteins speed refilling of proteins; key to recovery process
127
Ecology is the study of...
How organisms interact with their environment
128
What is the central goal of ecology?
Understand the distribution and abundance of organisms.
129
Ecology researchers work at what 5 main levels?
```
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Global
```
130
What is formed from differences in spatial and temporal scale of components and context?
Loose hierarchy... IDK if important
131
What adaptations (3) do organismal ecologists explore?
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral
132
A population...
Group of individuals in same species that live in same area same time
133
Community...
Consists of species that interact with one within another in area
134
What do community ecologists study?
Consumer-resource interactions and abiotic influences
135
Ecosystems consist of...
All organisms in a region as well as non living (ABIOTIC) or abiotic components
136
What is Biogeography?
Study of how organisms are distributed geographically
137
Why do we study the giant squid?
Because it's axon is 1 mm thick, which is huge
138
What are the roles of the nervous system?
- Quickly transmit information and signals
| - evolved to be important for memory and learning
139
How does the nervous system work?
Via combination of chemical and electrical signals
140
What are glial cells?
Support neurons (out# neurons in mammal brains 10:1)
141
Where does blood leave to go from hear--> lung?
Right ventricle
142
How does blood come from lungs to heart?
Left atrium
143
What is the biggest part of the heart?
Left ventricle
144
How does blood go from heart to body?
Left ventricle to body via aorta
145
Where does blood from the body go to in regards to the heart?
Right atrium
146
Why does concurrent flow lead to less efficient exchange?
The numbers are averaged
147
True or false?
| countercurrent flow is less efficient in regards to exchange.
False countercurrent is more.
| -you can almost get the result of the higher value of concentrated flow
148
What is the x axis on a BMR curve?
Log (body size)
149
What is the y axis of the BMR curve?
O2 consumption/ time/ gram
150
Which are agnostic pairs in the central and peripheral nervous system? (3)
- Afferent and efferent
- somatic and autonomic sensory system
- sympathetic and parasympathetic
151
Is there a lower activation for a rod?
Yes
152
What do you see from rods?
Black and white
153
True or false?
| Cones are activated by a lower activation energy
False. high activation energy and lets the eyes see color
154
Describe electricity in the heart...
- Starts in the right atrium
| - leads to ventricle contraction
155
Where does salinity have a huge impact?
Estuaries (where fresh water meets salt water)
156
True or false?
| There is a lower osmotic pressure in fresh water.
False there is a greater pressure in fresh water
157
Describe the efferent nervous system
- somatic/voluntary : skeletal muscle
| - autonomic : smooth/cardiac muscle, glands, "housekeeping"
158
Describe the aphotic and photic zone in water regions
No photosynthesis area of the water is aphotic and higher part where light is present is photic zone
159
What are Hadley cells?
Circulation of air caused by sun light
160
True or False?
| A Hadley cell can move positions but not decrease
True
161
Is a Hadley cell and example of convection?
Yes
162
What are the forces behind a Hadley cell?
The radiation from the sun at the equator is the primary force to start the convection of the Hadley cell
163
True or False?
| An estuary has more water movement than a bog.
True more water movement
164
What distinguishes different water regions (bog, marsh, etc.)
Water movement
165
What is an upwelling in water regions?
As surface water moves away upwellings occur and deep water replaces and rises to compensate
166
Phrase to distinguish the sympathetic system
Fight or flight
167
Phrase to distinguish the parasympathetic system
Rest and digest
168
Which body parts have the most control regarding nervous system?
Mouth and hands
169
The nervous system is comprised of... (2)
- Neurons/nerve cells
| - Glial cells
170
Where does the nervous system integrate information?
Afferent portion of neuron
171
Where does the nervous system coordinate response?
Efferent portion if the neuron
172
In the nervous system ATP is used to generate which ion gradients (4)?
K
Na
Cl
Ca
173
What drives function neuron function?
Electricity, which is induced by the ions
174
How can you increase conduction velocity in an axon?
Increase diameter
- insulation is required for long axons
- glial cells for myelination
175
What is multiple sclerosis caused by?
Demyelination; (makes it difficult to contact muscles via the brain)
176
If axon terminals are initiated from the spike-initiation zone...
The signal will travel to axon terminals w/ out degradation.
177
Intensity of a signal at the synapse can only be changed by...
Changing FREQUENCY of action potentials because the signals are ALWAYS the same
178
In chemical synapsis exocytosis occurs via...
Calcium ions (Ca++)
179
If more action potentials are released... ________ Neurotransmitters are released
More Neurotransmitters are released
180
Where are photo receptors located in humans?
The back of the eye
181
Where is the highest acuity and highest # of cones?
The Fovea
182
True or False?
| Bats have sound Fovea
True.
| -And Star-nosed moles have touch fovea
183
What is the name of the Atlantic squid?
Loligo pealei
184
Long part of neuron is...
Axon
185
Afferent
In
186
Efferent
Out
187
In a monosynaptic pathway when tapping the knee...
Sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron in ventral of spinal cord
188
In the polysynthetic pathway when tapping the knee...
An action potential travels from sensory neuron via spinal interneuron
189
True or false?
| It takes more neurons to make precise movements
True
190
Nervous system began more...
Simple
191
A nerve net in a sea anemone...
Helps contraction and relaxation
192
The ganglia in the earth worm helps...
Coordinate movement
193
In squid more complex behaviors initiated by...
Specialized ganglia
194
What is action potential?
Movement down ions
195
Long axons require...
Insulation (supporting cells)
196
Glial cells present for...
Myelination (fatty tissue)
197
Where are Schwann cells present?
Peripheral nerves
198
Oligodendroctyes in what nervous system?
Central
199
Axon terminal has... (3)
Vesicles
Neurotransmitter
Synapse
200
In the retina cells are arranged...
In layers
201
What transduce photons into electrical signals?
Photoreceptors
202
Rhodopsins are...
Visual pigments
203
Opsin rhodopsin is
7 transmembrane lipoprotein
204
Retinal rhodopsin is
Absorbing the photon of light
205
What are located in stacks of lamallae?
| Hint: visual pigments
Rhodopsin
206
When light hits the eye what happens?
Na+ current into cell is stopped and membrane hyper polarize stopping release of Neurotransmitters
207
Why does light initiate transduction?
Light changes conformation of Opsin ----> activation
208
Bats "see" a reflected _____ image of surroundings
Sound
209
Bats are energetically...
Expensive and shut down hearing briefly to save energy
210
Rub eyes and see light is example of...
Synesthesia
211
What are the 3 types of muscles and describe each:
Skeletal: move body parts; mostly conscious
Cardiac: circulate blood; myogenic (sinoatrial node)
Smooth: contraction of gut, blood vessels, bladder; autonomic NS control
212
The knee jerk reflex is what type of muscle pair?
Antagonistic
213
Action potential in motor neuron leads to ____________ release into synapse.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
214
What do you need to detect light?
Vitamin A
215
Cross-Bridge Cycling in Sacromere occur whenever there is what 2 things present?
Calcium and ATP
216
What color is myosin THICK filament?
| What color is actin THIN filament?
Blue
| Red
217
Muscles comprise of what... (4)
Bundles of muscle fibers
- single muscle fiber with myofibrils
- myofibrils of many sacromeres
- sacromeres are functional unit
- contain actin and myosin
218
__ Lines determine the ends of sacromeres
Z
219
What is Rigor Mortis?
Muscles stuck till proteins break down
| -happens when you die
220
What 2 primary factors can be adjusted to increase whole-muscle force?
Summation: increase stimulation
Recruitment: adding more motor units
221
Geographical distribution aka...
Range
222
The Wallace line is...
Biogeographical demarcation/ deep see trench that separates species with Asian and Australian affinity
223
Exotic species are...
Non native
224
What is responsible for making the amazon river basin wet and the Sahara desert dry?
The Hadley cell
225
What is NPP or net primary productivity?
Total amount of carbon that's fixed per year minus amount that's oxidized during respiration
226
Turbidity is...
Cloudiness of water or determinant of light penetration
227
What is a thermocline?
Gradient of temperature
228
Describe the littoral zone
Shallow waters along shore of a lake
229
Benthic zone...
Bottom floor of the lake or ocean
230
In oceans what are the two most productive zones?
Intertidal and neritic zone
231
True or False?
| Bogs have stagnant water flow and are not productive
True
232
Upwelling water is nutrient ______
Rich
233
What is detritus?
Waste or debris; or dead organic matter
