Exam 2 Flashcards
(155 cards)
0
Q
Which 3 characters are acquired by Cnidaria?
A
1) radial symmetry
2) tissues
3) extra cellular digestion
1
Q
Two sub categories of protostomes…
A
Lophotrocozoans and Ecdysozoans
2
Q
What character separates Ctenophora from Cnidaria?
A
Mouth and Anus
3
Q
Which character diverges protostomes and deuterostomes from the rest of the tree (Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora)?
A
Bilateral symmetry and Coelom
4
Q
2 basic forms (morphologies) of Cnidaria….
A
Polyp(cylinder) and Medusa(jelly fish)
5
Q
What phylum adapted to use Nematocysts to feed and defend itself and how…?
A
Cnidaria
- Nematocysts: miniature harpoons that pierce and release toxins
6
Q
What do Coral get most of their energy from?
A
Zooxanthalae: symbiotic autotrophic Protists
7
Q
How do Cnidaria reproduce?
A
Asexually: budding of polyps, fission, and fragmentation
Sexual: fertilized egg gives rise to mobile, planktonic forms
8
Q
What 3 categories fall under Lophotrocozoans?
A
1) Platyhelminthes
2) Annelida
3) Mollusca
9
Q
What 2 categories fall under Ecdycozoans?
A
Nematoda
Arthropoda
10
Q
How do Lophotrocozoans grow?
A
Grow incredibly by adding in skeletal elements
11
Q
Body Plan of Platyhelminthes…
A
Aceolmate
- In most mouth but no anus
- Lack circulatory/respiratory system
- absorb O2 through body wall
- Slow moving
12
Q
Feeding of Platyhelminthes?
A
Some free-living; MANY parasites!!
13
Q
True or False?
The human liver fluke must pass through 3 hosts to complete life cycle
A
False! 2 hosts
14
Q
What is an example of a human Platyhelminthes?
A
Schiostosoma; found in tropical regions.
15
Q
Schiostosoma:
- Carried through what to where to mature into adults (in human body)
- Humans used for (reproduction/intermediate host)
- Snails used for reproduction/intermediate host)
A
- Carried through bloodstream to liver or bladder to mature into adults
- Humans——-> Reproduction
- Snails———-> Intermediate host
16
Q
Reproduction of Platyhelminthes?
A
Asexual: can split Planaria in 2
Sexual: mostly hemaphrodites
17
Q
What type of worms are Platyhelminthes?
A
Flatworms
18
Q
What time of worm is Schiostosoma?
A
Flat worms; Platyhelminthes phyla
19
Q
What type of worm is Annelida?
A
Segmented Worms
20
Q
What are examples of Annelida?
A
Earthworms, Polychaete worms (mostly marine forms), and leeches
21
Q
Morphology of Annelida?
A
Segmentation of the body Coelom.
- head with brain
- true coelom
- respirators across body wall
22
Q
How do Earthworms, Marine Polychaete, and leeches FEED? (Annelida; feeding varies)
A
Earthworms: decomposers
Marine Polychaete worms: filter feeders, parasites, predators
Leeches: blood; (use medically for severed tissues, vein regeneration, etc.)
23
Q
2 key adaptations of Mollusca?
A
1) Mantle
2) Radulla
24
What is the Mantle in Mollusks used for?
Sheet of skin, secretion of shell to form gills for gas exchange
25
What is the Radulla in Mollusks used for?
Hardened tounge; also used to puncture, slice, and manipulate food.
Example: Snails eating algae
26
What are predacious Mollusks?
Cephalopods
- cuttlefish
- squid
- octopus
27
True or False?
| Animals in the Mollusca Phyla are usually filter feeders? (e.g. Snails on algae)
False: mostly grazers
28
True or False?
| The giant squid is called Architeuthis and is a Cephalopod.
True
29
What skin/poor related component of a Cephalopod is used for disguise?
Chromatophores: changes special skin cells
30
What has the most highly developed nervous system of invertebres?
Cephalopods : Giant (fast) taxon
31
In Cephalopods what forms the muscular cavity promoting locomotion?
The Mantle
32
What are the 3 worms and the Phyla in which they belong?
Flat Worms-----Platyhelminthes
Segmented Worms-----Annelida
Roundworms-----Nematoda
33
Body plan of Nematoda (roundworms)....
"A tube within a tube"
34
Nematoda feeding...
Many free living decomposers and some parasites of plants and animals!
35
Example of a Nematoda parasite....
Trichinella (roundworm)
36
How long do Trinchinella worms live?
5 years
37
How do Pigs get infected with Trinchinella?
Eating garbage and rodents that are contaminated
38
True or False?
| Parasites are always enemies.
False.
| Example as an ally: The use of insect-parasitic nematodes for pest control
39
Nematode parasites sometimes have mutualistic relationships with what.....?
Bacteria
40
Nematoda Reproduction....
Sexual: some species have both sexes; some hemaphrodites
41
What parasitic roundworm has infected 1.2 billion people?
Ascaris
42
What are 3 common Nematode parasites.....?
Ascaris, Hookworm, Filarial Worms
43
What are the 2 main clades of angiosperms (97%)
Monocots(one cotyledon)
| Eudicots(two cotyledons)
44
Describe life cycle of Angiosperm
- zygote develops into embryo
- cotyledons absorb and digest the endosperm
- ovary and seed develop into fruits
- fruit protect seeds and aids dispersal
45
What is the part if an angiosperm that absorbs and digests the endosperm and some become photosynthetic...
Cotyledon
46
Two main systems of angiosperm structure
Shoot and Root
47
Which system in angiosperm structure consists of leaves doing photosynthesis and stems elevating and supporting?
Shoot system
48
Which part of angiosperms take up water and minerals
Root hairs
49
Morphological adaptations of angiosperms (4)
1) spines (modified leaves)
2) thick bark (trees survive fire and get seeds to germinate)
3) waxy cuticle (retard water loss)
4) tall stem (avoid herbivory)
50
2 main leaf types in angiosperms...
Simple (auxiliary bud)
| Compound (leaflets)
51
An example of how a stem can be modified?
Runner / "barrel" cactus
52
Example for how leaves can be modified?
Spines
53
3 different types of roots...
Taproots (w/ lateral roots)
Fibrous roots
Adventitious (roots from above)
54
What's special about the mesquite tree?
Roots can go 50 meters deep. Allowing the storage and absorptivity of water
55
True or false?
| Saguaro roots are shallow and saguaros need rainfall
True
56
Describe the creosote bush ring
King clone
Mojave desert
Carbon for photosynthesis from soil
57
What plants live in salty habitats, roots in water and with low oxygen content
Mangroves
58
Where does the carbon we eat in a salad come from?
The air
59
Morphological diversity is an example of what radiation? (Tree sized silverwood, mat forming silverwood, etc.)
Adaptive radiation
60
Term for something that can be changed depending on environment conditions? (E.g. Leaves in sun, leaves in shade)
Phenotypic plasticity
61
C3 do better in temperate or hotter climates
Temperate
62
C4 plants do better in temperate or hotter climates
Hotter
63
What is the term for outer later of leaves and stems, may contain waxy cuticle layer, specialized cells to allow for gas exchange?
Epidermis
64
What does having specialized cells who allow for gas exchange help with?
Guard cell of stomata
65
What vascular tissue distributes water and minerals from roots to rest of plant?
Xylem
66
Which vascular tissue transports carbs from leaves to rest of plants
Phloem
67
What type of meristems are found in tips of roots, leaf buds, and Is the site of primary growth?
Apical Meristems
68
What type of meristems generate secondary growth at vascular cambium?
Lateral
69
Tree rings are ______ that arise annually from vascular ________
Secondary xylem, cambium
70
What do meristem cells become in the vascular cambium for second degree growth?
2nd degree phloem to the outside
| 2nd degree xylem to the inside
71
Mostly produces cells to the outside, compromises most of the bark...
Cork cambium
72
Pressure potential is also known as...
Turgor pressure
73
Putting a cell in hypertonic soliton will lead to....
Shrinkage
74
Same solutes are isotonic?
Yes
75
Fewer solutes is hypertonic?
No hypotonic
76
More solutes is hypertonic
Yes
77
What are the oldest trees?
Sequoias
78
Tallest trees...
Coast redwood
79
Water moves from high to low potential. The water only continues to move if pulled by...?
Transpiration
80
What type of pressure can move water short distance?
Root and capillary pressure
81
What type of pressure can move water long distances
Cohesion tension
82
Transpiration occurs when...
Water evaporates from a leaf
83
When will the rates of transpiration be highest (4 part answer)
Stomates are open
Humidity is low
Temperature is high
Tree is in sun
84
Why does water transpire? (2 part)
Stomata open to get CO2
| Stomata open for leaf cooling
85
Cohesion-Tension relies on a (continuous/discontinuous) column of water from soil to atmosphere at leaf surface?
Continuous
86
True or false?
| Cohesion tension theory wasn't accepted until the 90s
True
87
At night does a tree trunk get wider or narrower?
Narrower
88
Which term refers to key changes that occur seasonally in plants or animals?
Phenology
89
What antagonistic pair functions in plants to help control seed dormancy and germination?
Gibberellins and abscissic acid
90
What are examples of secondary metabolites?
Nicotine, tannins, etc.
91
What's a parasitoid?
A free living organism as an adult but parasitic in larvae form
92
True or false antibiotic resistant bacteria and herbivores able to feed on latex-producing plants is an example of EVOLUTIONARY ARMS RACE
True
93
What hormone in plants is most responsible for phototrophic response?
Auxin
94
What hormone is most responsible for the ripening of fruit?
Ethylene
95
True or False?
| The hormone, abscissic acid, inhibits seed germination.
True
96
Does Gibberellic Acid promote cell elongation?
Yes and also increases the rate of cell division in roots
97
In many plants ABA is the signal that _____ ___________ and gibberellins are the signal that triggers ____ ________.
Inhibits seed germination
| Embryonic development
98
What is alpha-amylase and what activates its' production?
A digestive enzyme that breaks bonds between sugar units of starch. Activated by gibberellins during seed germination.
99
True or False?
| In many plants the stomata open in response to ultra violet light.
False. BLUE LIGHT
100
What does the abscission zone lead to in plants?
Degrading of the leaf petiole and a BREAKING OFF OF THE LEAF at that point.
101
Describe the hypersensitive response in plants...
Localized death of cells surrounding the site of infection by pathogen
102
Symbiosis...
Intimate association between unrelated organisms. Can be mutualistic, parasitic, commensalism, or mimicry.
103
Symbionts
One of the 2 organisms that live symbiotically.
104
True or false?
| Less than 6% of bacteria can be cultured.
True
105
Bacteria cannot be classified by ________ because they look so similar even under electron microscope.
Morphology
106
What happens in a Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Lots of DNA made from a very small amount
107
What are no gut microbes called?
Axenic
108
Gnotobiotic...
"Germ-free". A gnotobiotic organism contains only known or specified germs or bacteria (sort of a control)
109
Sequencing of a single bacterial ribosomal gene allows...
The assignment to bacterial group
110
Actinobacteria produce antibiotics and in wasps the trait of this bacteria is...
Passed down from mother to offspring
111
Typhus...
A disease caused by bacterium Rickettsia. In General: Arthropod bite can transmit the disease.
112
Does protective bacteria get transmitted contagiously?
No it's gets inherited by the parentals
113
Explain mutualism with Aphids (plant sap sucking insects)
Aphids house bacteria that can synthesize essential amino acids for them. Aphids need bacteria to reproduce.
114
What type of relationship do bacteria and humans have?
Commensalism. The bacteria benefit and the human is not harmed.
115
True or false?
| Humans have more human cells than bacteria cells
False; more bacterial cells than human cells
116
What?
makes vitamins in our guts
Digest complex starches
Help gut development
Bacteria in our guts
117
Do all humans carry the same type of bacteria?
NOOOOO!
118
Nutrition differs depending on what _______ one has
Bacteria
119
The gut lining does NOT develop normally in _____ mice.
Axenic
120
Early exposure to microbes may be necessary for ______ the immune system.
Calibrating
121
What are the 4 levels of analysis?
Mechanism
Development
Function
Evolution
122
Do flies box?
Yup
123
What is Alturism?
Behavior that benefits a recipient while NOT benefiting the donor
124
What is Reciprocity?
You scratch my back ill scratch yours
125
What 3 aspects of senescence (regulated aging process) in plants are associated with the gaseous hormone ethylene?
Fruit ripening
Flower fading
Abscission
126
What do cytokinins do in plants?
Promote cell division.
| -without cytokinins the cell cycle would be ceased in the G1 phase.
127
What are auxins main roles as a hormone in plants?
Controls growth via phototropism, gravitropism, and apical dominance
128
Three groups of mammals and main distinguishing character...
Monotremes: egg laying mammals
Marsupials: nurse young in ventral pouch (kangaroo jack)
Eutherian: placental mammals
129
What phylum has the most species?
Arthropoda
130
Morphology of Arthropoda... Respiration, structure, characters, etc.
Jointed appendages
Segmented body
Exoskeleton
Passive respiration
131
What are the 4 sub phyla in Arthropoda?
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Myriapoda
Chelicerata
132
What types of animals would you see in Chelicerata sub phyla?
Mites, scorpions, spiders
133
1st set of appendages in Chelicerata?
Fangs or pincers
134
Feeding niches in Chelicerata?
Mostly predatory...
| But mites fit almost anywhere; e.g. herbivores, parasites, predators
135
True or false?
| Crustacea are land arthropods?
False; dominant MARINE arthropods
136
What are the first appendages of Crustacea and Hexapoda?
Antennae
137
Morphology of Crustacea...
Each segment of thorax and abdomen usually has an appendage.
138
What 3 body sections are in Hexapoda?
Head, thorax, and abdomen
139
What is the main character that distinguishes Myriapoda from the rest of the 3 sub phyla?
Lots of legs with many segments!!
140
Why have insects been so evolutionarily successful?
Small size
Flight
Complete metamorphosis
141
2 categories of Deuterostomes?
Echinodermata
| Chordata
142
Echinodermata morphology...
1. "Pentaradial" symmetry as adults - arms or rays arranged in groups of 5
2. Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
3. Endoskeleton of CaCO3 plates covered by epidermis
4. Water filled canal system for moving
143
Feeding of Echinodermata?
Predacious: sea stars
grazers: urchins
filter feeders: sea cucumber
144
What are Chordata and the 2 sub groups?
Vertebrates
1. Tunicates
2. Lancelates
145
What do adult Tunicates look like?
Sponges
146
What is the general vertebrate body plan?
- Dorsal nervous system
- internal skeleton organs suspended in coelom
- developed circulatory system with heart
147
Who were the first vertebrates?
Mud suckers
148
Who were the first vertebrates on land?
Amphibians
149
Osmoregulatory abilities allowed fish to...
travel to estuaries (where salt and fresh water mix)
150
```
True or False?
Jawless fish (e.g. Hang fish and lampreys) were the first group of modern fishes
```
True!!!
151
2nd group of fish?
Cartilaginous fish (e.g. Sharks, rays)
152
3rd group of fish were?...
The ray-finned or bony fishes
| *evolved lung like sacs for respiration----> became modified as swim bladders used for buoyancy!*
153
True or False?
| Reptiles demonstrate external fertilization.
False! INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
154
Are birds reptiles?
Yup
