Exam 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
sociological perspective
A
social contexts in which people live
2
Q
society
A
a group of people who share a culture and teritory
3
Q
social location
A
to observe people
4
Q
class conflict
A
Marx stated that this is the engine of human history between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
5
Q
social integration
A
degree to which people are tied to their social groups
6
Q
patterns of behavior
A
recurring characteristics/events
7
Q
basic sociology
A
analyzing with out gaining knowledge
8
Q
applied sociology
A
using sociology to solve problems
9
Q
public sociology
A
for the benefit of the public
10
Q
symbolic interaction ism
A
symbols, keys to understanding how we view the world, focus on micro level
11
Q
functional analysis
A
society is a whole unit, made up of integrated parts that work together
12
Q
functionalist/conflict theorists
A
focus on macro level
13
Q
culture
A
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, material objects
14
Q
material culture
A
jewelry, art, buildings
15
Q
non material culture
A
group’s way of thinking
16
Q
ethnocentrism
A
tendency to use own group’s ways of doing things for judging others
17
Q
cultural relativism
A
try to understand a culture of its own terms
18
Q
symbolic culture
A
attach meaning, use to communicate
19
Q
gestures
A
movements of hands to communicate
20
Q
Sapir
A
Whorf Hypothesis - language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world
21
Q
norms
A
the “right” ways to reflect its values
22
Q
sanctions
A
reactions people receive for following or breaking norms
23
Q
folkways
A
norms that are not enforced
24
Q
morals
A
very seriously enforced norms
25
taboo
a norm so strongly integrated, thought of violation = revolutions
26
counter culture
its norms are against the dominant groups
27
pluralistic society
made up of many different groups
28
real cultrue
norms/values that people actually follow
29
cultural leveling
cultures become more similar to one another
30
feral children
can't speak, act like animals
31
socialization
process by which we learn the ways of society
32
significant others
trust is first only for
33
generalized others
perception of how people in general think of us
34
gender
attitudes/behavior that are expected of us because we are male/ female
35
gender socialization
learning about gender - gender map
36
peer group
individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
37
mass media
forms of communications that are directed to large audiences
38
social inequality
giving privileges/obligations to one group of people while denying them to another
39
agents of socializations
Individuals/groups that influence our orientations to life - our self concept, emotions, attitudes, behavior. Such as family, neighborhood, religion, school, work.
40
anticipatory socialization
learning to play a role before entering it
41
resocialization
learning new norms, values, attitudes, behaviors to match new situations
42
total institution
people cut off from rest of society and come under almost total control of officials in charge
43
degredation ceremony
an attempt to remake the self by stripping away the individuals current identity and stamping a new one in its place.
44
life course
stages from life to death
45
transitional adulthood
college kids
46
macrosociology
focuses on broad features of society
47
microsociology
focuses on social interaction
48
social structure
refers to patterns in a group
49
social interactions
what people do when they come together
50
social class
people comparable in prestige. income, educations, jobs
51
status
position that someone occupies
52
status set
all statuses/positions occupied
53
ascribed status
is involuntary
54
achieved status
voluntary, can earn/accomplish
55
status symbols
signs that identify a status
56
master status
acts a cross other statuses
57
status inconsistency
mistakes in status
58
roles
behavior, obligations, privileges attached to a status
59
group
people who interact with one another and feel the values, motivations, norms they have in common are important
60
social institution
standard, usual ways that a society meets is basic needs
61
pastural societies
based on pasturing animals
62
horticultural societies
based on cultivation of plants by use of hand tools
63
agricultural societies
cities developed, had philosophy,
64
social integration
members unite their shared values and social bonds
65
mechanical solidarity
people who preform similar tasks develop shared consequences
66
division of labor
societies develop different types of work
67
organic solidarity
solidarity based on interdependence
68
Gemeinschaft
village life, everyone knows, everyone knows everyone
69
Gesellschaft
impersonal associations, not everyone knows everyone
70
body language
the way people with their bodies give messages to others
71
dramatergy
social life is a drama or a stage play
72
impression management
out efforts to manage the impression of others
73
role performance
emphasis/interpretations that we give a role
74
role conflict
family, student, work roles come crashing together
75
role strian
some status contains incompatible roles
76
face-saving behavior
team saving performance
77
ethnomethodology
study of how people use common sense understandings to make sense of life
78
background assumptions
ideas about life
79
Thomas theorem
definition of the situations
80
aggregate
people who temporarily share the same physical space but do not belong together
81
catagory
statistic, people who share similar characteristics
82
primary groups
intimate, face to face associations
83
secondary groups
larger, more anonymous, formal, impersonal.
84
voluntary associations
group made of volunteers who organize on basis of mutual agreement
85
in groups
groups we feel loyal to
86
out groups
groups we feel antagonism towards
87
social network
people linked to one another
88
clique
clusters within a group, internal factions
89
bureaucracies
have clear levels, division of labor, written roles, written compensations, impersonality
90
rationalization of society
bureaucracies would dominate our lines
91
goal displacement
organizations continues after achieving goal
92
alientations
workers cut off from finished protest of their labor
93
Peters principle
each employee of bureaucracy promoted to bis/her level of incompetence
94
self-fulfilling stereotypes
people fill the stereotype they are assigned
95
corporate culture
stereotype and their effects are hidden to workers and bosses
96
group dynamics
how groups influence us and how we influence groups
97
small groups
each member interacts directly with all the others
98
dyad
smallest possible group, only 2 people
99
triad
3 people
100
coalitions
2 group members aligning against each other
101
leaders
people who influence behaviors. opinions, attitudes of others
102
expressive leader
socioemotional leader, no recognized, helps group morale
103
leadership styles
way of experiencing yourself as a leader
104
authoritarian leader
gives orders
105
democratic leader
tries to gains consensus of all
106
laisez-faire leader
hands off, highly permissive
107
group think
collective formal vision that group members some time develop
108
deviance
volations of norms
109
crime
violation of roles that have been written into law
110
stigma
characteristics that discredit people
111
social order
group, customary arrangements
112
social control
formal, informal means of enforcing norms
113
negative sanctions
expressions of disapproval for deviance
114
positive sacntios
smiles to formal awards
115
street crimes
mugging, rape, burglary
116
personality disorders
abnormalities within individuals
117
differential associations
from different groups we associate with, we learn to deviate from or conform to society's norms
118
control theory
stronger bonds with society = more effective inner control
119
labeling theory
significance of reputations, how they help us on paths
120
techniques of neutralizations
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of activism, appeal to higher loyalties
121
cultural goals
possessions, wealth, prestige
122
institutionalized means
legitimate ways to reach goals
123
strain theory
refers to frustrations people feel
124
illegitimate opportunity structure
pimp, hustling, drug dealing
125
white collar crimes
crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in their occupations
126
corporate crimes
violating law to benefit corporation
127
criminal justice system
police, courts, prison
128
capital punishment
death penalty
129
medicalization of deviance
deviance and crimes is sign of mental illness
130
recidivism rates
percentage of former prisoners who are arrested
