Exam 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
0
Q
Study of behavior n mental processes
A
Psychology
1
Q
Father of psychology. Objective introspection
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
The process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities
A
Objective introspection
3
Q
Focus on the basic elements of the structure of the mind
Founded by Edward Titchner
A
Structuralism
4
Q
Founded structuralism
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Edward Titcher
5
Q
Founded gestalt psychology
A
Max Wertheimer
6
Q
Early perspective of psych, studies how the mind allows ppl to adapt, live, work, and play
William James founded
A
Functionalism
7
Q
Founded functionalism
Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin’s evolution and natural selection
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William James
8
Q
Focus on perception and sensation, patterns and while figures
A part of today’s cognitive psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer
A
Gestalt psychology
9
Q
Has medical degree
Diagnoses and treats psych disorders
Prescribes meds
A
Psychiatrist
10
Q
M.D.
PhD
Psyd
A
Psychoanalyst
11
Q
No medical degree
PhD psyd
A
Psychologist
12
Q
Focuses more on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders
M.S.W
L.S.W
A
Psychiatric Social Worker
13
Q
System of gathering data so that bias and error are reduced
A
Scientific method
14
Q
Scientific method
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Perceiving the question Forming a hypothesis Testing hypothesis Drawing conclusions Report results Replicate results
15
Q
Observing ppl or animals in their environment
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Naturalistic observation
16
Q
Tendency of ppl or animals to behave differently when they know they ate being observed
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Observer effect
17
Q
A naturalistic observation where the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
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Participant observation
18
Q
Tendency of observer to see what they expect to see
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Observer bias
19
Q
Study of one individual in great detail
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Case study
20
Q
Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population
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Representative sample
21
Q
The entire group of interest
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Population
22
Q
Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same person
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Reliability
23
Q
Degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
A
Validity
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Anything that can change/vary
Variable
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A measure of relationship between two or more variables
Correlation
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A number for measuring a correlation representing the direction of its relationship and its strength
Correlation coefficient
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As one variable increases, so does the other
Positive correlation
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As one variable increase, the other decreases
Negative correlation
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Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result
Experiment
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Variable in experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent variable
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Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of subjects in the experiment
Dependent variable
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Exposed to independent variable
Experimental group
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Not exposed to independent variable, may receive placebo
Control group
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Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
Random assignment
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The expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior
Placebo effect
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Subjects don't know if they are in the experimental or control group
Single-blinded study
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Experimenters expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results of the study
Experimenter effect
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Neither the experimenter or these subjects know if they are in the experimental or control group
Double-blinded study
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An extensive network of specialized cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body
Nervous system
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Transmits info to and from the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
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Part of the PNS. Carries sensory info and controls movement if the skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
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Part of the PNS. Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion and B/P
Autonomic Nervous System
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Part of autonomic nervous system. Maintains function under ordinary conditions. Saves energy
Parasympathetic division
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Prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress (flight or fright)
Sympathetic division
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The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
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Interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs
Brain
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Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord
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The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends msgs within that system
Neurons
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The cell body of the neuron. Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
Soma
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Branchlike structures that receive msgs from other neurons
Dendrites
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Tubelike structure that carries the neural msg to other cells
Axon
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3 main components of neurons
Soma, dendrites, axon
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Rounded areas on the end off axon terminals
Synaptic knobs
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Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
Neurotransmitters
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Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body
Nerves
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Cells that provide support for neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence info processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons
Glial cells
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Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up neural impulse
Myelin
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Microscopic fluid filed space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites and surface of the next cell
Synaptic gap
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Outermost covering of the brain, consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
Cerebral Cortex
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Two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres
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Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
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Section of the brain located at the ready and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere. Contains the visual centres of the brain
Occipital lobe
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Section of the brain located at the top and back. Contains centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
Parietal lobe
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Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temp, body position, and possibly taste
Somatosensory cortex
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Located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
Temporal lobes
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Located in front and top. Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as production of fluid speech
Frontal lobes
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Section of frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system
Motor cortex
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Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing
Association Areas of the Cortex
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Area in left frontal lobe of the brain devoted to the production of speech
Broca's Area
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Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
Broca's Aphasia
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Area in left temporal lobe involved in understanding the meaning of words
Wernicke's Area
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Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language
Wernicke's Aphasia
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The process that occurs when special receptors in sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to beCome neural signals in the brain
Sensation
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Specialized forms of neurons. These receptor cells are stimulated by different kinds of energy. (Eyes by light, touch by pressure and temp)
Sensory receptors
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Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info
Habituation
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Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
Sensory adaption
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Clear membrane covering the eye. Bends light waves so images can be focused on the retina
Cornea
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Colored part of eye. its muscles controls size of pupil
Iris
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Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
Pupil
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Changes shape to bring objects into focus(visual accommodation)
Lens
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A light-sensitive area at the back of the eye containing 3 layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and rods and cones
Retina
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Sends visual info to the brain
Optic nerve
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Visual sensory receptors found in the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
Cones
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Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light
Rods
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Caused by defective cones in retina
Color blindness
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Due to lack of functioning red cones (red-green color deficiency)
Protanopia
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Due to lack lack of functioning green cones
Deuternopia
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The vibrations of molecules of air that surrounds us
Sounds waves
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The visible part of the ear
Outer ear/pinna
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Short tunnel that runs from pinna to the eardrum
Auditory canal
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Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
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The hammer, anvil, stirrup. Vibration of these 3 bones amplifies vibrations from eardrum
Auditory ossicles
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A membrane whose vibrations set off another chain reaction within the inner ear
Oval window
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Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is fluid filled
Cochlea
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Organ of Corti, receptors for sound
Hair cells
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Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear
Auditory nerve
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The method by which the sensations are experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
Perception
98
The ability to perceive the world in 3d. Develops in early infancy if not present at birth
Depth perception
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A table with both a shallow and a "deep" side with glass covering the entire table. Used infants 6-14 months. 81% of babies refused to crawl over the "deep" side
The Visual Cliff ( Gibson& Walk,1960)
100
Psychologist diagnose and treat ppl with psych disorders
Clinical psychology
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Psychologist help ppl with problems of adjustment
Counseling psychology
102
Psychologist study changes in the way ppl think, relate to others, and feel as they age
Developmental psychology
103
Psychologist primarily do research and experiments of learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language
Experimental psychology
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Focus on how human behavior is affected by presence of other ppl
Social psychology
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Study of the differences in personality among ppl
Personality psychology
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Study of the biological basis of behavior
Physiological psychology
107
Psychologist specialize in the research or clinical implications of brain-behavior relationships
Neuropsychology
108
Study of animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behavior
Comparative psychology
109
Focus on the relationship of human behavior patterns and stress reaction to physical health
Health psychology
110
Concerned with the study of human learning and development of new learning techniques
Educational psychology
111
Psychologist work directly in schools, doing assessments, educational placement, and diagnosing educational problems
School psychology
112
Psychologist help athletes and others prepare themselves mentally for participation in sports activities
Sports psychology
113
Concerned with ppl in the legal system, including profiling criminals, jury selection, and expert wItnessing
Forensic psychology
114
Focus on how people interact with and are affected by their physical environment
Environmental psychology
115
Concerned with the relationships between ppl and their work environment
Industrial/organizational(I/O) psychology
116
Study of the way humans and machines interact with each other
Human factors psychology
