Exam 2 Flashcards by Kim Martin

State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

Waking Consciousness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him/her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior

Consciousness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State in which there is a shift in the quality of pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

Altered State of Consciousness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

Sleep Deprivation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brief side-steps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

Microsleeps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. Muscles are inhibited

REM Sleep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any of the sleep stages that do not include REM. Four stages

Non-REM Sleep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Light sleep. If awakened person probably won’t know they were asleep. May experience hallucinations or hypnic jerk. Theta waves increase, alpha waves fade away

Stage One non-REM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

believed to do with our ancestors sleeping in trees. Body jerks awake to prevent the “fall” from the hypothetical tree

Hypnic jerk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Experts believe people’s experiences of ghostly visits, alien abductions, and near-death experiences may be explained by hallucinations

Hynagogic Images (Hallucinations)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Body temp decreases, heart rate decreases, breathing more shallow, irregular EEG shows first signs of sleep spindles. Theta waves more predominant. If awakened, person is aware of being sleep

Stage Two non-REM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Delta waves make up only 20%-50% of brain wave pattern

Stage Three non-REM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Brief burst of activity lasting only a second or two

Sleep Spindles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Delta Waves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Delta waves are above 50%. The deepest stage of sleep. Growth hormones are released from pituitary gland. Body at lowest level of function. Hard to awaken. Confused and disoriented temporarily if awakened

Stage Four non-REM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Cycle of Sleep

After spending time in stage 4, body goes back up thru stages 3,2,& then into a stage which temp rises to near waking levels, eyes move more rapidly, hearty beat increases, brain waves resemble beta waves(awake). If awakened, dreaming is reported

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurring during deep sleep. More common in childhood, more often I boys than girls

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Relatively rare. More likely during childhood. Person experience extreme fear and acts it out during deep sleep without waking fully

Night Terrors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bad dreams occurring during REM, usually vividly remembered immediately upon waking

Nightmares

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

Insomnia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disorder in which the person stops breatHing nearly half a minute or more

Sleep Apnea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sleep seizure. Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

Narcolepsy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Learning tip make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Classical Conditioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Any object, event, or experience that causes a response

Stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The reaction of an organism

Response

An involuntary response, not under personal control or choice

Reflex

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response

Unconditioned Stimulus

A involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original UCS

Conditioned Stimulus

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original CS with the CR

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that it's similar to the original CS because the similar stimulus is never paired with the UCS

Stimulus discrimination

Disappearance/weakening of a learned response following the removal/absence of the UCS (in classical conditioning) our removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Extinction

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Spontaneous Recovery

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the NS to become a second CS

High-order Conditioning

Emotional response that had become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Conditioned Emotional Response

Conducted little Albert experiment in 1920

John Watson

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. Founded by B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Positive Reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of a unpleasant stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Punishment

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Shaping

Reinforcement after each and every correct response

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement after some, but not all, correct responses

Partial reinforcement

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Partial reinforcement effect

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Learned Helplessness

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Observational Learning

The doll was used to demonstrate the impact of observing an adult model performing aggressive behavior on the later aggressive behavior of the children

The Bobo Doll Study

An active system that receives info from the senses, puts that info into a usable form, organizes it as it does it away, and then retrieves the info from storage

Memory

Process of memory. The set of mental operations that ppl perform on sensory info to convert that info into a form that is usable in the brain's storage system

Encoding

Process of memory. Holding onto info for some period of time

Storage

Process of memory. Getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used

Retrieval

Model of memory that assumes the processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process memory in a series of 3 stages

Information Processing Model

The very first stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system thru the sensory system

Sensory Memory

Visual sensory memory, last only a fraction of a second

Iconic Sensory Memory

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more, referred to as photographic memory

Eidetic Imagery

The brief memory of something a person just heard

Echoic Sensory Memory

The memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used

Short Term Memory

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from all sensory input

Selective Attention

A series of numbers is read tip subjects in the study who are asked to recall the numbers in order. Each series gets longer, until the subjects cannot recall any of the numbers in order

Digit Span Test

Combining info into meaningful units or chunks so more info can be stored in the STM

Chunking

Practice of repeating info to be remembered in one's head in order to maintain it in STM

Maintenance Rehearsal

The system of memory into which all info is placed top be kept more or less permanently

Long Term Memory

A way of transferring info from STM into LTM by making that info meaningful in some way

Elaborative Rehearsal

Type of LTM including memories for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. Memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior

Procedural LTM

Type of LTM containing info that is conscious and known

Declarative LTM

Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and info learned in formal education

Semantic Memory

Type of declarative memory containing personal info not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

Episodic Memory

Tendency of info at the beginning and end of a body of info to be remembered more accurately than info in the middle of the body of info

Serial Position Effect

The tendency of misleading info presented after an event to alter memories of the event itself

Misinformation Effect

Pezdek&Hodge 1999. Children read 5 different summaries off childhood events. 2 were false. 1 of the false was plausible. Found children were less likely to form a false memory for an implausible false event than for a plausible false event

Children and false memories

Steps to believe false memories are true

1. The event must be made top seem as plausible as possible | 2. Individuals are given info that helps them to believe that the event could have happened to them personally

Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve

Forgetting happens very fast within the first hour after learning, then tapers off gradually

Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods

Distributed Practice

Failure to process sensory info into memory

Encoding Failure

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

Memory Trace

Loss of memory due to passage of time, during which memory is not used

Decay

Another name for decay

Disuse

Memory problem that occurs when older info prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer info

Proactive Interference

Memory problems that occur when newer info prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older info

Retroactive Interference

Development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

Cognitive Development

Piaget's Theory infancy and childhood cognitive development

Believed that children form mental concepts or schemes as they experience new situations and events

Piaget's first stage. Infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment. Birth to age 2

Sensorimotor stage

The knowledge that an objects exists even when it's not in sight. Birth to age 2

Object Permanence

Piaget's second stage. Preschool child learns to use language to explore the world. 2-7 years old

Preoperational Stage

The inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes. 2-7 years old

Egocentrism

Focusing on only one feature of a object rather than taking all features in consideration. Age 2-7

Centration

The ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not changes its amount, its volume, or its mass. Ages 2-7

Conservation

Piaget's third stage. School aged children capable of logical thought processes but not abstract thinking. Age 7-12

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's last stage. Adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. Age 12- adulthood

Formal Operational Stage

Kygotsky's Theory

Believed that children develop cognitively when someone else helps them by asking questions and providing examples of concepts

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the learner becomes more capable

Scaffolding

The difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

Zone of Proximal Development

The seeming attachment of the monkeys to something soft to touch. Harry Harlow rhesus monkey experiment

Contact comfort

The emotional bond between a infant and the primary caregiver

Attachment

Believed that development occurred in 8 stages. Each stage is an emotional crisis and the crisis must be met successfully for normal, healthy psychological development

Eriksons theory

First stage of Erikson's theory. Babies must learn to trust or mistrust others based on whether or not their needs are met

Trust vs Mistrust

Adolescents believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

The Personal Fable

Adolescents believe that other ppl are just as concerned about their thoughts and characteristics as they are themselves

The Imaginary Audience

Stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. Erikson's stage for adolescence

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's last stage. If ppl look back and feel their lives were relatively full and are able to let go of regrets, they have a feeling of ego integrity. If there are many regrets and unfinished business, they feel despair

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Exam 2 Flashcards

(107 cards)