Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Compression

A

Action of oppositely directed forces acting towards each other at the same time.

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Testing

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2
Q

(Ex)Tension

A

Action of coinciding and oppositely directed forces acting away from each other.

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3
Q

Shear

A

Action of coinciding and oppositely directed forces acting parallel to each other across surface.

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4
Q

Earthquakes

A

Vibrations caused by a sudden release of energy, usually as the result of the displacement of rocks along faults.

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5
Q

Compression=?

A

Reverse Fault

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6
Q

Shearing=?

A

Strike Slip Fault

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7
Q

(Ex)Tension=?

A

Normal Faults

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8
Q

Fault

A

A fracture along which movement has occurred parallel to the fracture surface.

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9
Q

What causes faults to form?

A

When rocks experience stress.

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10
Q

Dip-slip faults examples

A

Normal

Reverse

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11
Q

Strike Slip Fault examples

A

Right, left lateral

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12
Q

Dip-Slip faults

A

Up or down direction along the fault plane.

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13
Q

Normal Fault

A

Puts stress on it and pulling rock apart.

Hanging wall moves down relative to Foot Wall.

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14
Q

Reverse Fault

A

Hanging wall moves up along Foot Wall

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15
Q

Strike Slip Fault has?

A

No vertical Displacement

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16
Q

Body waves

A

Travel through solid body of the Earth.

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17
Q

Surface waves

A

Travel along the ground surface and move slower than P and S waves, but can produce severe ground movements

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18
Q

Two types of Seismic Waves

A

Body Waves

Surface Waves

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19
Q

The Magnetosphere surrounds?

A

The Earth

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20
Q

What Methods do people use to study Earths Interior?

A

Drilling
Radar Frequencies
Earthquakes

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21
Q

Epicenter

A

The geographic location on Earth’s surface directly above the Earthquake focus.

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22
Q

P-waves

A

Can travel at 4-6 km through liquid and solids.

Side to side motion

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23
Q

S Waves

A

(Shear Waves) travel at 3-4 km/sec
Can’t travel through liquids, useful for inferring the physical state of rocks below Earths Surface

Up and Down motion

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24
Q

Seismometer

A

The instrument to record Earthquakes release of Energy as vibrations (Seismic waves)

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25
Q

Can Earthquakes be predicted? What methods could you use to determine the timing of a big earthquake?

A

Scientists use the times that the various waves arrive and their relative amplitudes as recorded on a seismogram.

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26
Q

Can you measure the amount of damage caused by an Earthquake?

A

Yes, the amplitude of the seismic wave record is proportional to the magnitude of shaking associated with the earthquake, (the greater the amplitudes the more violent the shaking).

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27
Q

Where do most Earthquakes occur?

A

Along the coast lines, near faults

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28
Q

Intensity

A

A measure of the effects of earthquakes on people and buildings.

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29
Q

How is Earthquake magnitude measures?

A

On a logarithmic scale in which each division represents a 10-fold increase in the ground motion associated with the earthquake.

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30
Q

The Earthquake Magnitude doesn’t have a maximum value (T or F)

A

True

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31
Q

Richter Scale

A

Measures amplitude of largest S-wave.
Scale is logarithmic:
Increase 1 unit=10 times greater
Increased 1 rating=30 times greater

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32
Q

Examples of Major Earthquakes around the world?

A
Loma Prieta, California
Kobe, Japan
New Madrid, Montana
Chile
Alaska
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33
Q

Intensity is measured using?

A

The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

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34
Q

Chemical Layers

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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35
Q

Continental Crust

A

Granite

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, potassium

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36
Q

Oceanic Crust

A
Basalt
Oxygen
Silicon
Magnesium 
Iron
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37
Q

Mantle

A

Layer be sty crust
Composed of rock called Peridotite
Green and Black colored

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38
Q

Core

A

Beneath the mantle at the Earths center
No rock defines this layer
One feature
Metal, Iron, nickel, sulfur

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39
Q

Mechanical Layers

A

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

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40
Q

Order of Rigidity based on Seismic Data?

A

Solid/Elastic
Solid/Rigid
Liquid

41
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust
Uppermost most mantle
Rigid

42
Q

Lower Mantle includes

A

Solid/rigid

Mesosphere

43
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

Right-Lateral Strike Slip Fault

44
Q

Moho Discontinuity

A

Boundary between the Earths Crust and the mantle

45
Q

Low Velocity Zone

A

Occurs close to the boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere in the upper mantle.

46
Q

Mantle-Core Boundary

A

Lies between the Earth’s silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core.

47
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Solid/elastic

48
Q

Outer Core

49
Q

Inner Core

50
Q

Earths Mechanical Layers

A
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Lower Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
51
Q

What skill (or part of the scientific method) is a scientist using when she uses the available data to formulate an explanation of an observed event?

A

Developing Hypothesis

52
Q

Which is an observation rather than an interpretation?

A

Rock around the crater are slanted upward

53
Q

What quality defines a useful or meaningful hypothesis?

54
Q
Scientific explanations (hypotheses) are absolute and unchanging 
T or F
55
Q

In the context of science, how would you classify the following statement? Iridium is present in relative high concentrations in 65 million year old rock layers in several locations on Earth.

A

Observation

56
Q

Which is not a characteristic of scientific explanations?

A

They are able to answer all questions

57
Q

A hypothesis is supported by more scientific research and observation than a theory
T or F

58
Q

The average surface temperature of the earth has increased by 0.7 degrees C. Over the last 125 years. This is an example of?

A

Scientific or empirical observation

59
Q

NEO

A

Near Earth Object

60
Q

NEO impacts are the only natural disaster that can actually be prevented.
T or F

61
Q

The risks associated with NEOs are reported using a numeric scale ranging from 0 to 10 known as the Richter Scale.
T or F

62
Q

What is false about NEOs?

A

The number of known asteroids in our solar system has remained unchanged over the last 100 years

63
Q

The impact of a large comet or meteorite with Earth would devastate the global environment by generating air blasts, earthquakes, wild fires, tsunami, acid rain, and changes in climate.
T or F

64
Q

Most orbit between Mars and Jupiter

A

Asteroids only

65
Q

Long versions of this come from the Oort Cloud

A

Comets only

66
Q

How long have asteroids been striking Earth?

A

Since Earth formed

67
Q

Seismic Discontinuity

A

An abrupt change in seismic wave velocity

68
Q

False statement about the Moho

A

The Moho separates the crust from the mantle

69
Q

The highest geothermal gradients in the United States are located along our East Coast.
T or F

70
Q

Which would have a high geothermal potential?

A

A region of active extension/cracking of the crust

A region containing many active volcanoes

71
Q

Comets

A

Made out of ice and dust, lower density, lower risk, 100,000mph

72
Q

Asteroid

A

Made out of rock and/or metal, high density, high risk 30,000mph

73
Q

Comet vs. Asteroid

A

Comet more dangerous due to low risk due to density, high risk due to speed.

74
Q

Geothermal Gradient

A

How the temperature of rocks changes with Depth.

25 degrees Celsius per Kilometer

75
Q

Geothermal Energy

A

Heat from the Earth

76
Q

Th act of recognizing a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments. Use of the senses.

A

Observation

77
Q

An explanation that can be tested by additional investigation or by examining data that already exist.

A

Hypothesis

78
Q

To foretell on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reasoning

A

Predicting

79
Q

Scientific observation

A

The data (evidence) can be observed using the senses or in some cases using calibrated scientific instruments

80
Q

Casual observation

A

Reflection alone is concerned to be evidence for the truth or falsity of some proposition.

81
Q

Not an example of a scientific observation

A

There is an isolated mountain surrounded by relatively flat land

82
Q

Asteroids that burn in the Atmosphere

83
Q

If a NEO clearly is going to collide with a Earth, what score on the Torino scale is it mostly likely to recieve

84
Q

These are known to pass close to the Earth

A

Comets and Asteroids

85
Q

Crust

A

Uppermost, lightweight, brittle layer

86
Q

Earths Chemical Layers

A

Crust, Mantle, Core

87
Q

Which rock would you be most likely to find in continental crust?

88
Q

What marks the boundary between the crust and the mantle?

A

An increase in P-wave velocity and a change in rock type.

89
Q

What is the approximate distance from the surface to the center of the Earth?

90
Q

Which of the following seismic waves will arrive at a seismograph first?

91
Q

Which layer in the earth does not transmit S waves?

A

Outer core

92
Q

Where do P waves travel fastest

A

Lower mantle

93
Q

What makes up most of the core?

94
Q

What’s the difference between the inner core and outer core?

A

The inner core=solid

The Outer core=liquid

95
Q

Which is better? Theory or Hypothesis

96
Q

How many NEOs are there?

97
Q

How was the Barringer (Meteor) Crater formed in Arizona?

A

50,000 years ago when a 50 meter diameter meteorite crashed into Earth.

98
Q

1km Diameter NEO forms what size of crater?

A

10-20 kilometer wide crater

99
Q

10 km Diameter NEO forms what size of crater?

A

100-200km diameter