Exam 2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Mechanical Layers of the Earth,
A
Lithosphere Asthenosphere Lower Mantle Outer Core Inner Core;
2
Q
Asthenosphere,
A
Solid/Elastic;
3
Q
Lithosphere,
A
Solid/Rigid;
4
Q
Lithosphere composed of,
A
crust and upper mantle;
5
Q
Lower Mantle,
A
Solid/Rigid;
6
Q
Outer Core,
A
Liquid;
7
Q
Inner Core,
A
Solid;
8
Q
Plates,
A
Groups of lithospheric rock all moving in the same direction
Can have ocean and continent;
9
Q
Divergent Plate Boundary,
A
Move Apart Oceanic Ridges Mid-Atlantic Ridge East African Rift Valley Volcanoes Present Mountains;
10
Q
Normal Faults and Strike Slip Faults,
A
Divergent;
11
Q
Strike Slip are only in the,
A
Oceanic;
12
Q
Normal Faults,
A
Continental and Oceanic;
13
Q
Red Sea is in a,
A
Continental;
14
Q
Rift Valleys and Mountains are in,
A
Continental;
15
Q
Mid Atlantic Ridge,
A
North American/Eurasian Plates-Oceanic;
16
Q
Convergent Plate Boundaries,
A
Ocean-Ocean
Ocean-Continent
Continent-Continent;
17
Q
Example of Convergent Plate Boundary,
A
Japan Aleutian Islands;
18
Q
Older Oceanic lithosphere consumed at subduction zone,
A
Convergent;
19
Q
Denser plate sub-ducts,
A
Convergent;
20
Q
Water dispensed into hot rocks above the mantle wedges-lowers melting temperature,
A
Convergent;
21
Q
Magma from melting of mantle wedge supplies volcanoes,
A
Convergent;
22
Q
Reverse Faults,
A
Convergent;
23
Q
The steeper the slope,
A
The small the trench gap;
24
Q
What boundary produces trenches and island arc volcanoes?,
A
Convergent;
25
Oceanic Plate Sub-ducted,
Ocean-Continent;
26
Examples of Ocean-Continent Boundary,
Andes Mountains (Nazca under South American Plate)
Cascade Mountains;
27
What convergent plate boundary forms Mountains Volcanoes and Trenches?,
Ocean-Continent;
28
What boundary forms a Reverse Fault?,
Ocean-Continent;
29
What happens when continent crust collides and thickens?,
Forms a Contient to Continent Boundary;
30
What convergent boundary forms only Mountains?,
Continent-Continent;
31
Example of Continent-Continent Boundary,
Himalayas (India and Eurasia);
32
Example of Transform Boundary,
San Andreas Fault;
33
What boundary forms parallel ridges and volcanoes?,
Transform;
34
What boundary has fracture zones?,
Transform;
35
How fast do Plates travel?,
1-15cm/year;
36
What plates are the fastest?,
Nazca. Pacific;
37
What plats are the slowest?,
Antarctic North American;
38
What do Igneous Rocks form from?,
Solidification of magma/lava and pyroclastic material;
39
Where do Igneous Rocks form?,
Divergent Convergent Mantle Plumes Hot Spots;
40
Factors affecting melting of minerals,
Pressure
Water
Composition;
41
Pressure,
More pressure is higher melting point;
42
Water,
More water lowers melting point;
43
Compositions,
Silica
Mafic
Felsic;
44
Silica Rich melt at,
Lower Temperatures;
45
Mafic Melts at,
Higher Temperatures (Silica Poor);
46
Felsic Melts at,
Lower Temperatures (Silica Rich);
47
What happens at Divergent Plate Boundaries?,
Magma is formed when a release in pressure allows rock in the asthenosphere to melt and raise to the surface;
48
What is Decompression melting?,
Magma is formed at when a release in pressure allows rock in the asthenosphere to melt and raise to the surface;
49
What happens at Convergent Plate Boundaries?,
Magma is formed when subduction water is released from subjecting minerals to lower melting temperature;
50
What is Fluid induced melting?,
Magma is formed when subduction water is released from subjecting minerals to lower melting temperature;
51
Coarse Grained,
Phaneritic;
52
Coarse Grained Igneous Rocks (Texture),
Can see Minerals/Crystals
Crystalized due to slow cooling magma within Earths Crust;
53
Fine Grained Igneous Rocks (Texture),
Can not see individual Crystals;
54
Vesicular Igneous Rocks (Texture),
Bubbles that used to be gas
Earths surface from gas rich lava
Holes;
55
Glassy Igneous Rocks (Texture),
No Crystals and look glassy
On surface form lava that cooled too quickly to form crystals;
56
Fragmental Igneous Rocks (Texture),
Rock bits ejected from Volcano (Visible Fragments)
On Surface;
57
How much Silica content is in Felsic?,
70%;
58
How much Silica content is in Intermediate?,
55%;
59
How much Silica content is in Mafic?,
45%;
60
How much Silica content is in Ultra-Mafic?,
40%;
61
Felsic Color,
Light (Pink White Tan);
62
Intermediate Color,
Intermediate (Gray White Black);
63
Mafic Color,
Dark (Black);
64
Ultra-Mafic Color,
Dark with Green;
65
Granite,
Coarse Grained/ Felsic;
66
Rhyolite,
Fine Grained/ Felsic;
67
Diorite,
Coarse Grained/ Intermediate;
68
Andesite,
Fine Grained/ Intermediate;
69
Gabbro,
Coarse Grained/ Mafic;
70
Basalt,
Fine Grained/ Mafic;
71
Peridotite,
Coarse Grained/ Ultra-Mafic;
72
Volcanoes,
A vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt;
73
Pyroclastic Materials,
Bombs
Blocks
Ash
Lapili;
74
Bombs,
Smaller Rocks ejected
3;
75
Blocks,
Larger Rocks ejected
4;
76
Ash,
Tephra and glass particles (Fine particles of dirt. heavy. clogs everything. can travel far
Smallest-1;
77
Lapili,
Tephra that builds out of the Volcano like ash
2;
78
Volcano Hazards,
Pyroclastic Material
Lava Flows
Volcanic Gases;
79
Volcanic Gases,
```
50-80% Water Vapor
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide;
```
80
Lake Nyos,
Volcanic Crater
lake included CO2 from Magma
Lake flipped and CO2 rose to the surface
15 mile radius for gas release;
81
Viscosity,
Resistance to flow;
82
High Viscosity,
High Resistance to Flow (slower) Ex: DQ Blizzard;
83
High Viscosity forms what volcano type?,
Strato/Composite Volcanoes;
84
Low Viscosity,
Low Resistance to Flow (faster) Ex: Water;
85
Low Viscosity forms what volcano type?,
Shield Volcanoes;
86
Grain size is determined by?,
Cooling Speed;
87
Low Viscosity has what temperature?,
High temperature;
88
High Viscosity has what temperature?,
Low Temperature;
89
Intermediate,
More Silica;
90
Low Temperature Magma is,
More viscous;
91
Felsic Magma is,
More Silica=More Viscous
| Traps gases better;
92
Magma contains dissolved gases,
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide;
93
Pressure decreases allow gases to,
Form bubbles and speed up lava moving toward the surface;
94
Low Viscosity,
Mafic lava allows gas to escape
Non explosive eruptions
Basaltic Lava;
95
High Viscosity,
```
Felsic Intermediate
Trap Gas
Gas builds up until the pressure exceeds the strength of the rock
Explosive Eruptions
Pyroclastic deposits are dominant;
```
96
Magma compositions change,
along the way toward crystalization;
97
Assimilation,
Turning rock into lava;
98
Where are Basaltic (Mafic) Lava located?,
Divergent Plate Boundaries
| Hot Spots;
99
Where is Andesitic (Intermediate) Lava located?,
Convergent Plate Boundaries;
100
Where is Rhyolitic (Felsic) Lava located?,
Convergent Plate Boundaries;
101
Lahar,
Volcanic mudflow of water and ash
| Pick up debris such as rocks up to 10 meters in diameter;
102
Stratovolcano,
Felsic lava
| High Viscosity;
103
Shield Volcano,
Mafic Lava
| Low Viscosity;
104
Extinct,
No eruption in las 10'000 years;
105
Dormant,
At least one eruption in the last 10'000 years;
106
Active,
At least one eruption within the last few thousand years;
107
What Igneous Rock has the same composition as Granite?,
Rhyolite;
108
What properties does not depend on the chemical composition of an Igneous rock/magma?,
Grain Size/Texture;
109
Why are there Plates?,
Because the Earths interior is hot. leads to formation of the Asthenosphere which formed the Lithosphere;
110
Calderas,
A large depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a volcano;
111
Lava Dome,
A steep-sided lava flow commonly almost as high as it is wide and caused by the extrusion of extremely viscous lava;
112
Cinder Cone Volcano,
A rather small volcano built primarily of pyroclastic ejected from a single vent;
