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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 1 :) > Flashcards

Exam 1 :) Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species that interact with one another

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2
Q

Community

A

populations of all the species that live and interact in the same area

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

all the organisms of a particular area and the physical environment in which they live

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

all regions of the Earth (terrestrial and aquatic) and Earth’s atmosphere in which organisms can live.

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5
Q

Organism

A

may be unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

Cell

A

the basic unit of life

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7
Q

Prokaryotic

A

membrane enclosing genetic material and other biochemical (lacks a nucleus).

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8
Q

Eukaryotic

A

genetic material contained within a nucleus (all other life except viruses, archae, and bacteria)

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9
Q

molecule

A

chemical substance made of one or more atoms bound together

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10
Q

small molecules include

A

water and carbon dioxide

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11
Q

large molecules include

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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12
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of a chemical element

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13
Q

Cellular structure

A

continuation of life; repair of cell damage which may relate to organism damage; how do cells communicate with one another; (relate to ecosystem); homeostasis (maintenance of an acceptable range of internal conditions)

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14
Q

Classical genetics

A

law of inheritance, impact on populations and ecosystems…understanding genetic transfer of information

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15
Q

External hierarchy of the biological world

A

Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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16
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

understanding of the structure and function of DNA, proteins, etc is critical to learning how organisms change and impact their surroundings

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17
Q

Bioenergetics

A

metabolism (sum of total of all the chemical transformations in all of the cells of an organism)

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18
Q

Organisms interact with the environment….

A

exchanges of matter and energy

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19
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter is made of anything tangible

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20
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

forms include light chemical kinetic

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21
Q

Organic Molecule

A

component of all living systems primarily made of C and H

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22
Q

Producers

A

example is photosynthesis (plants, algae, some prokaryotes)
convert CO2 into organic moleules

CO2 + Water + Light energy -> organic molecule + oxygen

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23
Q

Consumers

A

acquire organic material by eating food from producers and other consumers
Cell respiration

organic molecule + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy

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24
Q

Decomposition

A

consume organic matter from waste products and other organisms
examples are bacteria and fungi

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25
Scientific Method
process used by all scientists to understand the natural world Cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning Steps are: 1. Make observations and ask questions 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Make predictions, design, and perform an experiment 4. Collect data 5. Analyze results and make conclusions 6. Either repeat experiment or revise hypothesis
26
The Scientific method includes
hypothesis: educated guess, tentative answer to a well framed question, good hypothesis is testable: may be either right or wrong!
27
Experimental design
must include appropriate controls | must plan on repeat experiments (variability happens)
28
Jenner's Experiment
8 year old boy (gardener's son) inoculate with fresh cowpox---10 days later, boy recovers Inoculate with fresh smallpox---no disease develops (immune protection) paper was originally rejected...later published small booklet (1 year later)
29
Matter
has mass and takes up space | appearance varies, based on magnification
30
Elements
118 known elements | 92 elements naturally occurring (almost all are detected in living organisms)
31
Composition of Living Matter
95% made of H,C, O, N | 99% made of H,C, O, N, P, Ca, S
32
Different elements
different macroscopic properties
33
Atomic structure is the basis for the study of.....
LIFE
34
Atom
smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element; form living and nonliving matter
35
Atomic nucleus
dense, central structure | contains protons and neutrons
36
Proton
single positive charge
37
Neutron
no electrical charge, mass slightly larger that proton
38
Electron
outside the nucleus; negative charge with very little mass
39
Atomic Number
of protons, unique to each element
40
Mass Number
``` # protons + # neutrons may vary for the same element (isotopes) ```
41
Bohr Model for Atomic Structure
largely empty space centra nucleus with electrons surrounding Orbitals: particular locations where electrons are found (~90% of the time) electrons determine whether a chemical bond will form and what shape the bond will have
42
Valance (outer) shells determine an element's......
stability or reactivity
43
Hydrophilic
water loving | has an affinity for water
44
Hydrophobic
Water hating | does not have an affinity for water
45
Ionic Bond
electrical attraction
46
Ion
electrically charged particle | forms when atom gain or loses electrons
47
Cation
positive charged ion
48
Antion
negative charge ion
49
Hydrogen bond
form between molecules with polar covalent bonds and different regions of the same larger molecule weak electrostatic bond
50
Van der Waals forces
electron constant motion | change of an atom is asymmetrical
51
Water
``` we are 60-70% water essential for life excellent solvent sticky surface of water resists penetration moderate temperature less dense in the solid form ```
52
Water has ........
polar covalent bonds
53
Water also has
hydrogen bonding | H2O + H2O
54
Water also has high specific heat. Specific heat is ......
something needs to gain a lot of heat to raise the temperature water also cools and releases heat
55
Acid
Increase in hydronium H3O
56
Base
increase in hydroxide OH
57
pH scale
Neutral is pH 7 | 7 is basic
58
Buffers stabilize
pH
59
Condensation
removal of H2O, links monomers together
60
Hydrolysis
addition of H2O, breaks a polymer into monomers
61
Carbohydrates
large (polymers,starch) or small (simple sugars,glucose) Roles: Source of stored energy, transport stored energy, structural molecules, recognition/signaling molecules General formula: Cn(H2O)n
62
Monosaccharides are simple
sugars
63
Ribose
RNA
64
Deoxyribose
DNA
65
Glycosidic links
covalent bond formed by condensation reaction to join two monosaccharides
66
Oligosaccharides
several monosaccharides | covalently bonded to cel surface (recognition via proteins/lipids)
67
Polysaccharides
very large | connected by glycosidic linkages
68
Polysaccharides include
Starch and Glycogen and cellulose
69
Starch
glucose; branching; energy source for plants
70
Glycogen
glucose highly branched energy source for animals
71
Cellulose
linear | find in plant cell walls
72
Lipids
``` Hydrocarbons composed of hydrogen & carbon not covalently bonded monomers insoluble in water because of the non polar (hydrocarbon) chain non poplar covalent bonds hydrophobic (aggregate together) ```
73
Structure of Lipids
1 hydrocarbon | 2 Carboxyl
74
Lipids: hydrocarbons
hydrophobic non polar covalent repels water
75
Carboxyl (lipids)
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Biology Lecture :) (4 decks)

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