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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold adjacent cells together but materials can move around the EMC

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2
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Similar to plasmodesmata
Channels which run between membrane pours in adjacent cells allowing substances to pass between cells
Heart cells

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3
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent movement of substances between cells

Skin

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4
Q

Cell theory

A

Cells are the basic units of life
All organisms are composed of cells
Cells come form other pre existing cells

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5
Q

Why do cells need to be small?

A

As the cell gets bigger its volume increase more quickly than surface area
A large cell doesn’t have enough surface area to efficiently move substances in and out

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6
Q

Light microscope

A 
Visible light shined on through a cell
Size limit (0.2um)
Living cells and general cell structure
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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Electron beam focused by magnets
Size limits (2nm)
Structures within preserved cells

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8
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

Engulf large particles or even entire cells

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9
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

Smaller vesicles and dissolve substances into cell

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10
Q

What structures facilitates cell communication in plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

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11
Q

Which of the following substances would pass through the cell membrane most easily?

A

Small, non-polar molecule

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12
Q

What would be the effect of placing an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

The water in the solution would move via osmosis into the cell and cause it to lyse

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13
Q

Which of the following would result in the ingestion of a wide variety of soluble nutrients from the environment?

A

Pinocytosis

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14
Q

In which phase does a normal cell make the commitment to divide or not?

A

G1

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15
Q

Which one of the following cytoskeletal structures has the smallest diameter?

A

Microfilaments

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16
Q

Shared features of all cells

A

Cells separate the internal from external environment in order to maintain homeostasis
Cells must store information and pass it onto the next generation
Cells must be able to build proteins
Cells must conduct the chemical processes of life

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell structures include

A

Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (cytosol and insoluble particles ribosomes).

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18
Q

Specialized features of some prokaryotes

A

Cell walls
Flagella
Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Cell walls prokaryotes

A

Outside plasma membrane
Rigid
Contains peptidoglycan and outer membrane

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20
Q

Flagella definition continued

A

Appears as a tiny corkscrew
Spins on axis
Cellular movement

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton prokaryotic cells

A

Often found within rod shaped bacteria just inside of plasma membrane
Maintains

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22
Q

Eukaryotic cells have

A

Compartmentalizations and membrane bound organelles

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23
Q

Compartmentalization is key to

A

Eukaryotic cell function

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24
Q

Nucleus

A 
Storage of DNA
Hereditary information stored in sequence of DNA nucleotides
Largest organelle
Most cells contain 1
Chromatin is DNA + proteins
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25
Chromosomes
Long thin threads of chromatin
26
Structure of nucleus
``` Nuclear envelope (2 lipid bi layers continuous with membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum) Nuclear pores (1000's, connect interior nucleus to cytoplasm) Nucleolus (make rRNA and ribosomal subunits ```
27
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
28
Components of cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
29
Microfilaments
Strands of actin Diameter 7nm Function: movement, determine/stabilize cell shape, resist tension Actin monomers attach to (+) end and detach at the (-) end Processes involving Microfilaments: cytoplasmic streaming and formation of pseudopodia Smallest Actin At positive end it attaches and at the negative end it detaches Polymerization is the process of adding actin to the positive end
30
Intermediate filaments
Diameter (8-12 nm) Fibrous proteins organized into tough rope like structures Function: anchor cell structures and resist tension 50 different kinds (cell type specific) No dynamic instability Fibrous proteins Rope like
31
Microtubules
Diameter (25 nm) Long, hollow cylinders made of Tubulin (unbranched) Function: rigid internal skeleton, framework for motor proteins to move structures within the cell Organize chromosomes (mitosis) Movement of cilia and flagella 13 chains of dimers make a hollow tube
32
Cells shared features
Internal/external homeostasis -plasma membrane (gatekeeper and phospholipid bi layer). DNA Ribosome (organelle of protein synthesis) Cytoplasm-location
33
Prokaryotic cells
``` Pro – before No nucleus Domain Archaea Bacteria No membrane enclosed organelles DNA (1 circular chromosome - plasmids) Cell membrane Smaller Nucleotide: region where DNA is located Ribosomes: protein synthesis ```
34
Nucleoid
Region where DNA is located
35
Ribosome prokaryotic
Protein synthesis
36
Eukaryotic cells
``` Eu-good/true Presence of nucleus Domain Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals) Membrane enclosed organelles – compartmentalization DNA: linear chromosomes Cell membrane Cell wall – plants 10x larger ```
37
Plasma membrane
Encloses cell Separate interior from exterior Regulate traffic into and out of cell
38
Cytosol
Water with dissolved ions, small molecules, biomolecules, proteins Anything that is insoluble is suspended in the cytosol
39
cell wall
Outside of plasma membrane Rigid – support cell, determine shape Peptidoglycan Outer membrane polysaccharide and phospholipid
40
Peptidoglycan
Sugars and peptides | Single, large molecule
41
Capsule
Outside cell wall Prevent drying out Evade immune system Helps bacteria attach to others
42
Flagella
``` Swim Protein - flagellin Long (10-200um) Single or in pairs Push/pull through environment ```
43
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton skeleton is behind plasma membrane maintains structure
44
all cells have
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA
45
Organelle
Structure in a cell that performs a specific function
46
Functions of nucleus
Process information from cytoplasm Store and retrieve information – chromosomes – polynucleotides Location of replication and transcription Contains nucleosis where ribosomes are assembled (Rna and proteins) Allow ribosomal subunits to leave through pores
47
Ribosome
Protein synthesis – translation RNA – protein No membrane Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
48
Endomembrane system
Very large | Vesicles
49
vesicle
Tiny membrane enclosed structure that shuttle substances throughout components of cell or to the plasma membrane
50
Nuclear envelope
2 lipid bilayer | Nuclear pore: connect nuclear interior to cytoplasm
51
Nuclear pore
Connect nuclear interior to cytoplasm
52
Endoplasmic reticulum
Expensive folding – increased surface area Rough – ribosomes Smooth – no ribosomes Protein synthesis (rough er)
53
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes | Protein synthesis
54
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipids synthesis Carbohydrate metabolism Calcium storage Breakdown toxic substances
56
Golgi apparatus
Cis face- close to nucleus and ER | Trans face- cytoplasm
57
Lysosomes
Digestion and recycling Phagocytosis Breaks Down materials
58
Peroxisome
Detoxify cells H2O2 Break down peroxide
59
Mitochondria
Transform energy Outer- large pores, passage of substances Inner- biochemical processes
60
Plastids
Plant/algae Chlorophyll Light to chemical energy
61
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
62
Vacuole
Contractile: continual diffusion of water Central: storage of ions, water, toxins
63
Cytoskeleton
Support and shape Controls position/movement of organelles Move cytoplasm Anchor cell
64
Dynamic instability
Proteins of the cytoskeleton maybe made or broken very rapidly
65
Depolymerization
Releasing from the negative end
66
Anchor
Radiate from the nuclear envelope Holds nucleus in place Holds organelles in place
67
Desmosomes are also
Junctions between cells
68
Microtubules are also
Cylinders Framework for motor proteins to move structures within the cell Organize chromosomes
69
Motor proteins
Help movement along 1 microtubules | 2 Microtubules along each other
70
Cillia
Short (2-20um) Hundreds per cell Stiff movement (protists) Move substances in respiratory tract
71
Dynein
ATP hydrolysis to allow Microtubules to slide pass each other (cilia and flagella)
72
Nexin
Holds two Microtubules together | Causing bending
73
Kinesin
Movement of vesicles, organelles, chromosomes | Walks across Microtubules
74
Plasmodesmata
Plasma membrane blind channels that connect adjacent cells
75
Exchange between the cells
Water, ions, small molecules, hormones, RNA, proteins
76
Membrane
Retain materials, maintain homeostasis, protect contents of a cell
77
Apoptosis
``` Cell detaches from neighbors DNA hydrolyzed Formation of membrane blebs Blebs break into small fragments Other cells (often macrophages) ingest cellular remains Digestion in lysosomes ```
78
Necrosis
Cells swell, bursts, and release contents to extracellular environment causes inflammation
79
Why is cell death necessary?
Longer cellular life equals more prone to accumulation of DNA damage, leads to cancer cells no longer needed
80
CDK
Regulate cell cycle checkpoints
81
Checkpoints
Times when the cell cycle can be stopped or pushed forward
82
Eukaryotic cells do not constantly
Divide | Signals linked to division are linked to organisms needs
83
Bacterium constantly
Divide | When nutrients go down, they stop dividing
84
Translocations
During crossing over of Meiosis one, movement of a portion of a chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome, results in addition of extra genes to chromosomes
85
Aneuploidy
Improper number of one of the chromosome pairs
86
Monosomy
Missing a chromosome
87
Trisomy
Possessing an extra chromosome
88
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes (anaphase 1) or sister chromatids (anaphase 2) to separate
89
Simple diffusion
Energy: no Driving force: concentration gradient Membrane protein: no Specificity: n/a
90
Facilitated diffusion
Energy: no Driving force: concentration gradient Membrane protein: yes Specificity: yes
91
Active transport
Energy: ATP Driving force: (against gradient) energy->ATP Membrane protein: yes Specificity: yes
92
Passive transport
No required energy 1 simple diffusion 2 facilitated diffusion
93
Active transport
Requires energy
94
Diffusion
Random movement toward equilibrium ``` 1 Diameter of molecules (smaller equals faster) 2 temperature (higher temp = faster) 3 Concentration gradient (higher = faster) ```
95
Dynamic equilibrium
Molecules/ions contains to move randomly across membrane, but concentrations are equal
96
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane Higher the solute = decrease in water Water moves toward solute
97
Tonicity
Measure of tendency of water to move from one area to another when separated by selectively permeable membranes
98
Uniport
One substance | Single (along the gradient)
99
Symport
``` Two or more Same direction (along the gradient) ```
100
Antiport
``` Two or more Opposite direction (along individual gradients) ```
101
Pump
Active transport protein, use energy ATP, move substances against concentration gradient
102
Sodium – potassium pump
3 na+ and ATP bind to pump ATP hydrolysis -> ADP + P Pump shape change -> 3NA+ released 2K+ bind to pump outside Po released and pump returns to original shape

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