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Biology Lecture :) > Exam 3 :P > Flashcards

Exam 3 :P Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of inheritance

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2
Q

The study of inheritance

A

Gametes contain “heredity determinants”

Gametes fuse – “heredity determinants” blend

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3
Q

Experience-dependent Inheritance

A

Parents modified over time and passed to children

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4
Q

Theory of Particulate Inheritance

A

Each “determinate” is physically distinct

Gametes fuse – “determinants” remain intact

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5
Q

Gregor Mendel

A 
Father of modern genetics 
austrian monk scientist
Work supported the Theory 
    of Particulate Inheritance
7yr project (crossed pea plants to study genetics)
1865: presented his findings
1866: published
1900: genes carried on chromosomes (Mendel’s work re-visited)
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6
Q

Normally

A

self-fertilize

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7
Q

Mendel’s experiment

A

Remove male organs (stamen), before pollen production

Fertilize with pollen from another plant

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8
Q

Stamen

A

male organs

gametes in pollen tube

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9
Q

Pistil

A

female organs

gametes in ovule

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

characteristic

observable physical feature

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11
Q

Hybrid

A

offspring of crosses

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12
Q

Monohybrid

A

differ in only one trrait

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13
Q

Medel’s first law

A

Principle of Segregation

When any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate
each receives only one copy
Segregation occurs because chromosomes separate during cell division (Meiosis)

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14
Q

meiosis

A

segregation of alleles
alleles are located on homologous chromosomes
alleles segregate during meiosis

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15
Q

gene

A

unit of heredity
Passed from parent to child
Specific nucleotide sequence of DNA
Genes are synthesized into RNA and proteins
Action of a synthesized product = observable phenotype

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16
Q

Allele

A

particular version of a gene, produces a specific phenotype

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17
Q

Punnett Square

A

table used to determine the probability of inheritance

Method devised in 1905 (Reginald Punnett)

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18
Q

homozygous

A

2 alleles are the same

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19
Q

hertozygous

A

2 alleles are different

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20
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

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21
Q

Probability

A

determine likeihood of an event occuring

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22
Q

Punnett Square

A

Predict probability of inheritance

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23
Q

Each new offspring is an

A

independent event

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24
Q

Every new fertilization has the same probability of

A

inheritance regardless of siblings

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25
Multiplication rule
determine the probability of independent events
26
Addition Rul
determine the probability of an event that can occur by two or more different ways
27
Probabilities predict
genotype and phenotype
28
Test cross
used to determine unknown parental genotype | breeding an organism of unknown genotype with one that expresses a recessive trait
29
Incomplete Dominance
heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
30
Codominance
heterozygotes express multiple dominant alleles | each allele is incapable of masking the other
31
Pleiotropy
cause multiple phenotypes similar phenotypes are always found together the gene product is found in multiple cell types or tissues appears as though multiple diseases were inherited
32
Epistasis
phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene
33
Phenotypes are multi
factorial
34
Genotype + Environment
Phenotype
35
Most traits are
multifactorial
36
Pedigree
family trees that show the occurrence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals family histories reveal more accurate data for analysis
37
Cystic Fibrosis
caused by mutation in a single gene (cftr gene) | must have 2 mutant copies of the gene for the disease to develop
38
Karyotype
visualize chromosome structure
39
Aneuploidies
abnormal number of chromosomes (trisomy, monosomy)
40
Theodor Boveri & Walter Sutton
chromosomes are the structures that carry units of heredity
41
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Embryology researcher at Columbia University (early 20th century) – Nobel Prize in 1933 Model Organism: Drosophila melanogaster Morgan’s discovery of sex-linked traits, “chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance”
42
autosomes
not sex chromosomes
43
sex chromosomes
differ between males and females
44
sex linked traits
expressed in one sex more often than another
45
Sex (X)-linked traits
Due to alleles on the X chromosome Males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome Recessive alleles on the X cannot be masked in males Females require 2 copies of recessive alleles to express the phenotype Males suffer from sex linked recessive traits at higher rates
46
Hemizygous
any gene that is present as a single copy in a diploid organism Individuals will express the phenotype associated with the allele present Unable to mask weak alleles Recessive phenotypes are always expressed
47
Red green color blindness is carried on the human
X chromosome
48
Genetic Linkage
Genes on a single chromosome that do not demonstrate independent assortment
49
Recombination Frequency
``` the proportion of new allelic combinations on a chromosomes # recombinant progeny / total # progeny ```
50
Recombination frequencies can be used to generate
genetic maps
51
Higher recombination frequency+
Loci are father apart
52
Frederick Griffith
transforming principle ``` Studying S. pneumoniae strains S strain (smooth colonies): virulent R strain (rough colonies): non-virulent ``` Conclusions: R strain became virulent because of S strain (“transformation”) Virulence contained in chemical substance or “transforming principle”
53
Ori
Hydrogen break more easily in this region
54
Ter
Termination point
55
Ase
Enzyme
56
Topoisomerase
Binds double helix beyond replication force relieves strain
57
Primer
Short starter strand Single stranded RNA Complementary to DNA template
58
1 error per
100,000 bases
59
DNA Polymerase
Synthesis new DNA Proofread Mismatch repairs
60
Semi conservative
New DNA = 1 new strand | 1 parent strand
61
Linkage map
Diagram of relative position of genes on chromosomes | Based on frequency of crossover events
62
Bio in one word is
Bullshit
63
Primer
Short starter strand Single stranded Rna Complementary to Dna Template
64
Dispersive
New DNA = complete mix of parent and new
65
Conservative
New DNA equals one entirely new parent and one entirely new strand
66
Meselson-Stahl experiment
Radioactive nitrogen nitrogen 14 or nitrogen 15 parent DNA in several rounds of replication equal semi conservative
67
Template
Parental DNA sequence, determines bases to add to daughter strand
68
Telomeres
Repetitive DNA sequence, not code for protein -> protective
69
Terminal RNA Primer (removed)
Single-stranded DNA, cut off single-stranded DNA, remove DS DNA
70
The mutations are the cause of what blank was studying
Mendel
71
point mutation
Single base pair change
72
Chromosomal mutation
Millions of base pairs rearranged or lost
73
Somatic mutations
Somatic (body) cells | Pass that onto daughter cells during mitosis
74
Causes of mutations
Spontaneous, meiotic problems, tautomeric shift, DNA polymerase errors Induced: mutagen, ultraviolet radiation, chemicals, radiation
75
Tautomeric shift
Tautermer- each base exists in two forms Alternate form used, l '@'J.. Jk..m m m me jkimuon lllly jylnyl Yynyy H Mm, m Mm

Biology Lecture :) (4 decks)

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