exam 1

Question 1

serology

Answer 1

the study of bodily fluids left at a crime scene.

Question 2

important components in forensic laboratories.

Answer 2

DNA samples will not always tell the source of the DNA. DNA sampling provides relatively inexpensive, fast and efficient preliminary tests. DNA serology cases are being re-analyzed by current DNA testing ,methods.

Question 3

innocence project

Answer 3

when cases get relooked at by current or more modern serology methods. DNA analysis is typically a more specific comparison.

Question 4

presumptive test

Answer 4

highly sensitive but not specific to a particular substance. presumptive tests for blood reacts with the hemoglobin in the blood using catalytic

Question 5

confirmatory test

Answer 5

yields positive results for the substance in question and only that substance. but might require large amounts of materials for testing protocols. few false negatives are acceptable but no falso positives. allows the crime scene and laboratory personal to sort the evidence in categories and aids in processing and efficiency in analyzing the evidence. .

Question 6

Major body fluids

Answer 6

Blood: tissues composed of several types of cells in a matrix called plasma.
Plasma: contains 90% water and 10% other substances. 3 types of cells in plasma: Red Blood Cells, White blood cells, and Platelets

Question 7

Benzidine (alder’s test)

Answer 7

1904 first created, extensively used in presumptive tests for blood in the forensic community. results in characteristics were Blue brown color and discontinued in 74, today TMB.

Question 8

TMB test

Answer 8

prepare a rubbing or a swab of stain then place a drop on TMB and should remain clear. add hydrogen peroxide and if heme present breakdown will occur. expect a blue green color in few seconds.

Question 9

Kastle-Meyer

Answer 9

common acide based indicator, turn pink ina few seconds, prepare rubbing add KM reagent, add peroxide.

Question 10

hemastix

Answer 10

use chemistry of TMB, used in medical profession to test for blood. easy field test in forensic science. positive orange, green dark blue.

Question 11

confirmatory tests

Answer 11

utilize the formation of crystals through the application of heat and testing chemicals. Takayama test or hemochromogen test, teichmans test many laboratories do not conduct confirmatory tests for blood; presumptively positive samples will go directly to DNA analysis.

Question 12

Takayama reaction

Answer 12

take small cutting from stain, place cutting on microscope slide cover with coverslip and flow and flow takayama reagent under coverslip. gently heat slide on hot plate until blood turns bright red and examin under high magnification.. microcrystalline check for hemoglobin, red/leaf crystals are formed upon reaction with takayama solution.

Question 13

diffusion reactions a d electrophoretic methods

Answer 13

tests that determine the species from which a sample of blood came from.

Question 14

ring diffusion

Answer 14

ouchterlony, test isbased on the anti-body antigen reaction between human or animal blood and human or animal blood. Antiserum is produced by injecting rabbits with blood.

Question 15

genetic markers in blood

Answer 15

blood group is a class of antigens produced by allelic genes at a single locus and inherited independently of other genes. 20 human blood groups are known to exist.

Question 16

ABO blood group system

Answer 16

best known system. other systems include Rhesus system (positive or negative) identification of blood with known antiserums

Question 17

agglutination

Answer 17

mixing a portion of the stain with known anitbodies ( anti A, anti-B or anti-H, if clumps are formed we then can determine the blood type.

Question 18

electrotrophic genetic markers

Answer 18

PGM 3 phenotypes (1,2,2-1) PGM subtypes: 10 phenotypes: 1+,1-,1+2+,2-….)

Question 19

product rule

Answer 19

if genetic independence (makrkers systems are on different chromosomes), you can multiply the frequencies of the various markers determined to get an over al frequency of occurrence.

Question 20

semen

Answer 20

complex gelatinous mixture of cells, amino acids, sugars, salts, ions and other materials produced by post pubescent males and ejaculated follwinng sexual simulation. spermatoazoa

Question 21

acid phosphate assays

Answer 21

take rubbing agent add reagent blue purple color.

Question 22

false positives for AP

Answer 22

fecal material, vaginal secretions, plants of the genus brassica, some fungi, bacteria

Question 23

christams tree stain

Answer 23

achrosmal caos are unstained, stain bright red, vaginal cells stain green with red.

Question 24

hematoxylin/eosin

Answer 24

achrosmal caps stain pink, sperm heads stain blue.

Question 25

sperm degradation

Answer 25

vaginal samples up to 7.5 days oral 3 days and rectal 2 days.

Question 26

saliva

Answer 26

99 percent water, epithelial cells, white blood cells

Question 27

stains

Answer 27

cut out stain or a portion swab it unto swabs threads FTA paper, scrape sample, keep in vial.

Question 28

LCV

Answer 28

heme break down produces purple color.

Question 29

false positives

Answer 29

plant materials contain peroxidase, bleach cleaners and metals.

Question 30

BSPA

Answer 30

analysis and interpretation of the dispersion shape characteristics, volume, patter of bloodstains at a crime scene to reconstruct a process of event.

Question 31

passive

Answer 31

clots, drops, flows and pooling

Question 32

transfer

Answer 32

wipes, swipes, pattern transfers and general contact bloodstains.

Question 33

projected impacted bloodstains

Answer 33

soatters splashes cast off stains spirts gushes.